Advertisement
Systematic review| Volume 90, ISSUE 1, P1-13, January 2009

Download started.

Ok

Accelerated partial breast irradiation as part of breast conserving therapy of early breast carcinoma: A systematic review

Published:September 10, 2008DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radonc.2008.08.005

      Abstract

      New strategies for adjuvant radiotherapy of early breast cancer are being investigated in several phase III randomised trials at the present time. Accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) is a way to offer an early breast cancer patient, who has had breast conservative surgery, an adjuvant radiotherapy of short duration aimed at the tumour bed with a certain margin. The rationale of this strategy is that most local recurrences appear close to the tumorectomy cavity and a wish to spare the patient late radiation morbidity. This review discusses the background for APBI, the different techniques, and we highlight possible pitfalls using these techniques. A systematic overview of all phase I and II studies is provided. Patient selection for this therapy is pivotal and based on evidence from previous studies on patient/tumour characteristics and pattern of local recurrences we propose inclusion criteria for patients in APBI protocols.

      Keywords

      To read this article in full you will need to make a payment

      Purchase one-time access:

      Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online access
      One-time access price info
      • For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
      • For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'

      Subscribe:

      Subscribe to Radiotherapy and Oncology
      Already a print subscriber? Claim online access
      Already an online subscriber? Sign in
      Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect

      References

        • Clarke M.
        Meta-analyses of adjuvant therapies for women with early breast cancer: The Early Breast Cancer Trialists’ Collaborative Group overview.
        Ann Oncol. 2006; : 17
        • Abe O.
        • Abe R.
        • Enomoto K.
        • Kikuchi K.
        • Koyama H.
        • Masuda H.
        • et al.
        Effects of radiotherapy and of differences in the extent of surgery for early breast cancer on local recurrence and 15-year survival: an overview of the randomised trials.
        Lancet. 2005; 366: 2087-2106
      1. EBCTCG. Favourable and unfavourable effects on long-term survival of radiotherapy for early breast cancer: an overview of the randomised trials. Early Breast Cancer Trialist Collaborative Group. Lancet 2000;355:1757–1770.

        • Bartelink H.
        • Horiot J.C.
        • Poortmans P.
        • Struikmans H.
        • Van Den Bogaert W.
        • Barillot I.
        • et al.
        Recurrence rates after treatment of breast cancer with standard radiotherapy with or without additional radiation.
        N Engl J Med. 2001; 345: 1378-1387
        • Bartelink H.
        • Horiot J.C.
        • Poortmans P.M.
        • Struikmans H.
        • Van Den Bogaert W.
        • Fourquet A.
        • et al.
        Impact of a higher radiation dose on local control and survival in breast-conserving therapy of early breast cancer: 10-year results of the randomized boost versus no boost EORTC 22881–10882 trial.
        J Clin Oncol. 2007; 25: 3259-3265
        • Schnitt S.J.
        • Hayman J.
        • Gelman R.
        • Eberlein T.J.
        • Love S.M.
        • Mayzel K.
        • et al.
        A prospective study of conservative surgery alone in the treatment of selected patients with stage I breast cancer.
        Cancer. 1996; 77: 1094-1100
        • Nattinger A.B.
        • Kneusel R.T.
        • Hoffmann R.G.
        • Gilligan M.A.
        Relationship of distance from a radiotherapy facility and initial breast cancer treatment.
        J Natl Cancer Inst. 2001; 93: 1344-1346
        • Nattinger A.B.
        • Hoffmann R.G.
        • Kneusel R.T.
        • Schapira M.M.
        Relation between appropriateness of primary therapy for early-stage breast carcinoma and increased use of breast-conserving surgery.
        Lancet. 2000; 356: 1148-1153
      2. Virnig B, Habermann E, Al-Refaie M, Jensen E, and Tuttle T. Increased use of breast-conserving surgery: preferred treatment or failure to provide adequate local therapy? Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 106;2007. (abstract).

        • Holland R.
        • Veling S.H.J.
        • Mravunac M.
        • Hendriks J.H.C.L.
        Histologic multifocality of Tis, T1–2 breast carcinomas: implications for clinical trials of breast-conserving surgery.
        Cancer. 1985; 56: 979-990
        • Vaidya J.S.
        • Vyas J.J.
        • Chinoy R.F.
        • Merchant N.
        • Sharma O.P.
        • Mittra I.
        Multicentricity of breast cancer: whole-organ analysis and clinical implications.
        Br J Cancer. 1996; 74: 820-824
        • Faverly D.R.G.
        • Hendriks J.H.C.L.
        • Holland R.
        Breast carcinomas of limited extent: frequency, radiologic–pathologic characteristics, and surgical margin requirements.
        Cancer. 2001; 91: 647-659
        • Frazier T.G.
        • Wong R.W.Y.
        • Rose D.
        Implications of accurate pathologic margins in the treatment of primary breast cancer.
        Arch Surg. 1989; 124: 37-38
        • Rosen P.P.
        • Fracchia A.A.
        • Urban J.A.
        ‘Residual’ mammary carcinoma following simulated partial mastectomy.
        Cancer. 1975; 35: 739-747
        • Veronesi U.
        • Marubini E.
        • Mariani L.
        • Galimberti V.
        • Luini A.
        • Veronesi P.
        • et al.
        Radiotherapy after breast-conserving surgery in small breast carcinoma: long-term results of a randomized trial.
        Ann Oncol. 2001; 12: 997-1003
        • Fisher B.
        • Anderson S.
        • Redmond C.K.
        • Wolmark N.
        • Wickerham D.L.
        • Cronin W.M.
        Reanalysis and results after 12 years of follow-up in a randomized clinical trial comparing total mastectomy with lumpectomy with or without irradiation in the treatment of breast cancer.
        N Engl J Med. 1995; 333: 1456-1461
        • Liljegren G.
        • Holmberg L.
        • Bergh J.
        • Lindgren A.
        • Tabār L.
        • Nordgren H.
        • et al.
        10-Year results after sector resection with or without postoperative radiotherapy for stage I breast cancer: a randomized trial.
        J Clin Oncol. 1999; 17: 2326-2333
        • Fisher B.
        • Anderson S.
        • Bryant J.
        • Margolese R.G.
        • Deutsch M.
        • Fisher E.R.
        • et al.
        Twenty-year follow-up of a randomized trial comparing total mastectomy, lumpectomy, and lumpectomy plus irradiation for the treatment of invasive breast cancer.
        N Engl J Med. 2002; 347: 1233-1241
        • Fyles A.W.
        • McCready D.R.
        • Manchul L.A.
        • Trudeau M.E.
        • Merante P.
        • Pintilie M.
        • et al.
        Tamoxifen with or without breast irradiation in women 50 years of age or older with early breast cancer.
        N Engl J Med. 2004; : 351
        • Malmstrom P.
        • Holmberg L.
        • Anderson H.
        • Mattsson J.
        • Svensson P.E.
        • Tennvall-Nittby L.
        • et al.
        Breast conservation surgery, with and without radiotherapy, in women with lymph node-negative breast cancer: a randomised clinical trial in a population with access to public mammography screening.
        Eur J Cancer. 2003; 39: 1690-1697
        • Winzer K.J.
        • Sauer R.
        • Sauerbrei W.
        • Schneller E.
        • Jaeger W.
        • Braun M.
        • et al.
        Radiation therapy after breast-conserving surgery: first results of a randomised clinical trial in patients with low risk of recurrence.
        Eur J Cancer. 2004; 40: 998-1005
        • Holli K.
        • Saaristo R.
        • Isola J.
        • Joensuu H.
        • Hakama M.
        Lumpectomy with or without postoperative radiotherapy for breast cancer with favourable prognostic features: results of a randomized study.
        Br J Cancer. 2001; 84: 164-169
        • Touboul E.
        • Buffat L.
        • Mi Y.
        • Lefranc J.P.
        • Uzan S.
        • Lhuillier P.
        • et al.
        Local recurrences and distant metastases after breast-conserving surgery and radiation therapy for early breast cancer.
        Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1999; 43: 25-38
        • Freedman G.M.
        • Anderson P.R.
        • Hanlon A.L.
        • Eisenberg D.F.
        • Nicolaou N.
        Pattern of local recurrence after conservative surgery and whole-breast irradiation.
        Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005; 61: 1328-1336
        • Gao X.
        • Fisher S.G.
        • Emami B.
        Risk of second primary cancer in the contralateral breast in women treated for early-stage breast cancer: a population-based study.
        Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003; 56: 1038-1045
        • Cook L.S.
        • White E.
        • Schwartz S.M.
        • McKnight B.
        • Daling J.R.
        • Weiss N.S.
        A population-based study of contralateral breast cancer following a first primary cancer (Washington, United States).
        Cancer Causes Control. 1996; 7: 299-301
        • Yadav B.S.
        • Sharma S.C.
        • Patel F.D.
        • Ghoshal S.
        • Kapoor R.K.
        Second primary in the contralateral breast after treatment of breast cancer.
        Radiother Oncol. 2008; 86: 171-176
        • Chen Y.
        • Thompson W.
        • Semenciw R.
        • Mao Y.
        Epidemiology of the contralateral breast cancer.
        Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 1999; 8: 855-861
        • Clark R.M.
        • Whelan T.
        • Levine M.
        • Roberts R.
        • Willan A.
        • McCulloch P.
        • et al.
        Randomized clinical trial of breast irradiation following lumpectomy and axillary dissection for node-negative breast cancer: an update.
        J Natl Cancer Inst. 1996; 88: 1659-1664
      3. Mannino M, Yarnold J. Local relapse rates are falling after breast conserving surgery and systemic therapy for early breast cancer: can radiotherapy ever be safely withheld. Radiother Oncol 2008; doi:10.1016/j.radonc.2008.05.002.

        • Arthur D.W.
        • Koo D.
        • Zwicker R.D.
        • Tong S.
        • Bear H.D.
        • Kaplan B.J.
        • et al.
        Partial breast brachytherapy after lumpectomy: low-dose-rate and high-dose-rate experience.
        Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003; 56: 681-689
        • Keisch M.
        • Vicini F.
        • Kuske R.R.
        • Hebert M.
        • White J.
        • Quiet C.
        • et al.
        Initial clinical experience with the MammoSite breast brachytherapy applicator in women with early-stage breast cancer treated with breast-conserving therapy.
        Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003; 55: 289-293
        • Baglan K.L.
        • Sharpe M.B.
        • Jaffray D.
        • Frazier R.C.
        • Fayad J.
        • Kestin L.L.
        • et al.
        Accelerated partial breast irradiation using 3D conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT).
        Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003; 55: 302-311
        • Vicini F.
        • Winter K.
        • Straube W.
        • Wong J.
        • Pass H.
        • Rabinovitch R.
        • et al.
        A phase I/II trial to evaluate three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy confined to the region of the lumpectomy cavity for stage I/II breast carcinoma: initial report of feasibility and reproducibility of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) Study 0319.
        Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005; 63: 1531-1537
        • Orecchia R.
        • Veronesi U.
        Intraoperative electrons.
        Semin Radiat Oncol. 2005; 15: 76-83
        • Veronesi U.
        • Orecchia R.
        • Luini A.
        • Gatti G.
        • Intra M.
        • Zurrida S.
        • et al.
        A preliminary report of intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) in limited-stage breast cancers that are conservatively treated.
        Eur J Cancer. 2001; 37: 2178-2183
        • Vaidya J.S.
        • Tobias J.S.
        • Baum M.
        • Wenz F.
        • Kraus-Tiefenbacher U.
        • D’Souza D.
        • et al.
        TARGeted Intraoperative radiotherapy (TARGIT): an innovative approach to partial-breast irradiation.
        Semin Radiat Oncol. 2005; 15: 84-91
        • Bovi J.
        • Qi X.S.
        • White J.
        • Li X.A.
        Comparison of three accelerated partial breast irradiation techniques: treatment effectiveness based upon biological models.
        Radiother Oncol. 2007; 84: 226-232
        • Weed D.W.
        • Edmundson G.K.
        • Vicini F.A.
        • Chen P.Y.
        • Martinez A.A.
        Accelerated partial breast irradiation: a dosimetric comparison of three different techniques.
        Brachytherapy. 2005; 4: 121-129
        • Patel R.R.
        • Becker S.J.
        • Das R.K.
        • Mackie T.R.
        A dosimetric comparison of accelerated partial breast irradiation techniques: multicatheter interstitial brachytherapy, three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy, and supine versus prone helical tomotherapy.
        Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007; 68: 935-942
        • Major T.
        • Niehoff P.
        • Kovacs G.
        • Fodor J.
        • Polgar C.
        Dosimetric comparisons between high dose rate interstitial and MammoSite balloon brachytherapy for breast cancer.
        Radiother Oncol. 2006; 79: 321-328
        • Petersen R.P.
        • Truong P.T.
        • Kader H.A.
        • Berthelet E.
        • Lee J.C.
        • Hilts M.L.
        • et al.
        Target volume delineation for partial breast radiotherapy planning: clinical characteristics associated with low interobserver concordance.
        Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007; 69: 41-48
        • Weed D.W.
        • Yan D.
        • Martinez A.A.
        • Vicini F.A.
        • Wilkinson T.J.
        • Wong J.
        The validity of surgical clips as a radiographic surrogate for the lumpectomy cavity in image-guided accelerated partial breast irradiation.
        Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004; 60: 484-492
        • Landis D.M.
        • Luo W.
        • Song J.
        • Bellon J.R.
        • Punglia R.S.
        • Wong J.S.
        • et al.
        Variability among breast radiation oncologists in delineation of the postsurgical lumpectomy cavity.
        Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007; 67: 1299-1308
        • Wong E.K.
        • Truong P.T.
        • Kader H.A.
        • Nichol A.M.
        • Salter L.
        • Petersen R.
        • et al.
        Consistency in seroma contouring for partial breast radiotherapy: impact of guidelines.
        Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006; 66: 372-376
        • White E.A.
        • Cho J.
        • Vallis K.A.
        • Sharpe M.B.
        • Lee G.
        • Blackburn H.
        • et al.
        Cone beam computed tomography guidance for setup of patients receiving accelerated partial breast irradiation.
        Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007; 68: 547-554
        • Fatunase T.
        • Zhiheng W.
        • Yoo S.
        • Hubbs J.L.
        • Prosnitz R.G.
        • Yin F.
        • et al.
        Assessment of the residual error in soft tissue setup in patients undergoing partial breast irradiation: results of a prospective study using cone-beam computed tomography.
        Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008; 70: 1025-1034
        • Overgaard M.
        • Bentzen S.M.
        • Christensen J.J.
        • Madsen E.H.
        The value of the NSD formula in equation of acute and late radiation complications in normal tissue following 2 and 5 fractions per week in breast cancer patients treated with postmastectomy irradiation.
        Radiother Oncol. 1987; 9: 1-12
        • Owen J.R.
        • Ashton A.
        • Bliss J.M.
        • Homewood J.
        • Harper C.
        • Hanson J.
        • et al.
        Effect of radiotherapy fraction size on tumour control in patients with early-stage breast cancer after local tumour excision: long-term results of a randomised trial.
        Lancet Oncol. 2006; 7: 467-471
        • Guerrero M.
        • Li X.
        Analysis of a large number of clinical studies of breast cancer radiotherapy: estimation of radiobiological parameters.
        Phys Biol Med. 2003; 48: 3307-3326
      4. Joiner MC, van der Kogel AJ. The linear-quadratic approach to fractionation and calculation of isoeffect relationships. In: Steel GG, editor. Basic clinical radiobiology, 2nd ed. 2002.

        • Veronesi U.
        • Gatti G.
        • Luini A.
        • Intra M.
        • Orecchia R.
        • Borgen P.
        • et al.
        Intraoperative radiation therapy for breast cancer: technical notes.
        Breast J. 2003; 9: 106-112
        • Suh W.W.
        • Pierce L.J.
        • Vicini F.A.
        • Hayman J.A.
        A cost comparison analysis of partial versus whole-breast irradiation after breast-conserving surgery for early-stage breast cancer.
        Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005; 62: 790-796
        • Bartelink H.
        Intraoperative radiotherapy for breast cancer: tail wagging the dog?.
        Lancet Oncol. 2004; 5: 207-208
        • Baglan K.L.
        • Martinez A.A.
        • Frazier R.C.
        • Kini V.R.
        • Kestin L.L.
        • Chen P.Y.
        • et al.
        The use of high-dose-rate brachytherapy alone after lumpectomy in patients with early-stage breast cancer treated with breast-conserving therapy.
        Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001; 50: 1003-1011
        • Vicini F.A.
        • Kestin L.
        • Chen P.
        • Benitez P.
        • Goldstein N.S.
        Limited-field radiation therapy in the management of early-stage breast cancer.
        J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003; 95: 1205-1211
        • Benitez P.R.
        • Chen P.Y.
        • Vicini F.A.
        • Wallace M.
        • Kestin L.
        • Edmundson G.
        • et al.
        Surgical considerations in the treatment of early stage breast cancer with accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) in breast conserving therapy via interstitial brachytherapy.
        Am J Surg. 2004; 188: 355-364
        • Chen P.Y.
        • Vicini F.A.
        • Benitez P.
        • Kestin L.L.
        • Wallace M.
        • Mitchell C.
        • et al.
        Long-term cosmetic results and toxicity after accelerated partial-breast irradiation: a method of radiation delivery by interstitial brachytherapy for the treatment of early-stage breast carcinoma.
        Cancer. 2006; 106: 991-999
        • King T.A.
        • Bolton J.S.
        • Kuske R.R.
        • Fuhrman G.M.
        • Scroggins J.
        • Jiang X.Z.
        Long-term results of wide-field brachytherapy as the sole method of radiation therapy after segmental mastectomy for T(is, 1, 2) breast cancer.
        Am J Surg. 2000; 180: 299-304
        • Kuske R.R.
        • Winter K.
        • Arthur D.W.
        • Bolton J.
        • Rabinovitch R.
        • White J.
        • et al.
        Phase II trial of brachytherapy alone after lumpectomy for select breast cancer: toxicity analysis of RTOG 95–17.
        Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006; 65: 45-51
        • Perera F.
        • Yu E.
        • Engel J.
        • Holliday R.
        • Scott L.
        • Chisela F.
        • et al.
        Patterns of breast recurrence in a pilot study of brachytherapy confined to the lumpectomy site for early breast cancer with six years’ minimum follow-up.
        Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003; 57: 1239-1246
        • Wazer D.E.
        • Lowther D.
        • Boyle T.
        • Ulin K.
        • Neuschatz A.R.R.
        • DiPetrillo T.
        Clinically evident fat necrosis in women treated with high-dose-rate brachytherapy alone for early-stage breast cancer.
        Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001; 50: 107-111
        • Wazer D.E.
        • Berle L.
        • Graham R.
        • Chung M.
        • Rothschild J.
        • Graves T.
        • et al.
        Preliminary results of a phase I/II study of HDR brachytherapy alone for T1/T2 breast cancer.
        Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002; 53: 889-897
        • Wazer D.E.
        • Kaufman S.
        • Cuttino L.
        • DiPetrillo T.
        • Arthur D.W.
        Accelerated partial breast irradiation: an analysis of variables associated with late toxicity and long-term cosmetic outcome after high-dose-rate interstitial brachytherapy.
        Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006; 64: 489-495
        • Lawenda B.D.
        • Taghian A.G.
        • Kachnic L.A.
        • Hamdi H.
        • Smith B.L.
        • Gadd M.A.
        • et al.
        Dose–volume analysis of radiotherapy for T1N0 invasive breast cancer treated by local excision and partial breast irradiation by low-dose-rate interstitial implant.
        Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003; 56: 671-680
        • Kaufman S.A.
        • DiPetrillo T.A.
        • Price L.L.
        • Midle J.B.
        • Wazer D.E.
        Long-term outcome and toxicity in a phase I/II trial using high-dose-rate multicatheter interstitial brachytherapy for T1/T2 breast cancer.
        Brachytherapy. 2007; 6: 286-292
        • Krishnan L.
        • Jewell W.R.
        • Tawfik O.W.
        • Krishnan E.C.
        Breast conservation therapy with tumor bed irradiation alone in a selected group of patients with stage I breast cancer.
        Breast J. 2001; 7: 91-96
        • Fentiman I.S.
        • Poole C.
        • Tong D.
        • Winter P.J.
        • Gregory W.M.
        • Mayles H.M.O.
        • et al.
        Inadequacy of iridium implant as sole radiation treatment for operable breast cancer.
        Eur J Cancer. 1996; 32: 608-611
        • Fentiman I.S.
        • Poole C.
        • Tong D.
        • Winter P.J.
        • Mayles H.M.O.
        • Turner P.
        • et al.
        Iridium implant treatment without external radiotherapy for operable breast cancer: a pilot study.
        Eur J Cancer. 1991; 27: 447-450
        • Fentiman I.S.
        • Deshmane V.
        • Tong D.
        • Winter J.
        • Mayles H.
        • Chaudary M.A.
        Caesium137 implant as sole radiation therapy for operable breast cancer: a phase II trial.
        Radiother Oncol. 2004; 71: 281-285
        • Polgar C.
        • Sulyok Z.
        • Fodor J.
        • Orosz Z.
        • Major T.
        • Takacsi-Nagy Z.
        • et al.
        Sole brachytherapy of the tumor bed after conservative surgery for T1 breast cancer: five-year results of a phase I–II study and initial findings of a randomized phase III trial.
        J Surg Oncol. 2002; 80: 121-128
        • Polgar C.
        • Major T.
        • Fodor J.
        • Nemeth G.
        • Orosz Z.
        • Sulyok Z.
        • et al.
        High-dose-rate brachytherapy alone versus whole breast radiotherapy with or without tumor bed boost after breast-conserving surgery: seven-year results of a comparative study.
        Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004; 60: 1173-1181
        • Polgar C.
        • Fodor J.
        • Major T.
        • Nemeth G.
        • Lovey K.
        • Orosz Z.
        • et al.
        Breast-conserving treatment with partial or whole breast irradiation for low-risk invasive breast carcinoma-5-year results of a randomized trial.
        Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007; 69: 694-702
        • Lovey K.
        • Fodor J.
        • Major T.
        • Szabo E.
        • Orosz Z.
        • Sulyok Z.
        • et al.
        Fat necrosis after partial-breast irradiation with brachytherapy or electron irradiation versus standard whole-breast radiotherapy-4-year results of a randomized trial.
        Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007; 69: 724-731
        • Ott O.J.
        • Hildebrandt G.
        • Pötter R.
        • Hammer J.
        • Lotter M.
        • Resch A.
        • et al.
        Accelerated partial breast irradiation with multi-catheter brachytherapy: local control, side effects and cosmetic outcome for 274 patients. Results of the German–Austrian multi-centre trial.
        Radiother Oncol. 2007; 82: 281-286
        • Ott O.J.
        • Lotter M.
        • Sauer R.
        • Strnad V.
        Accelerated partial-breast irradiation with interstitial implants: the clinical relevance of the calculation of skin doses.
        Strahlenther Onkol. 2007; 183: 426-431
        • Ott O.J.
        • Pötter R.
        • Hammer J.
        • Hildebrandt G.
        • Lotter M.
        • Resch A.
        • et al.
        Accelerated partial breast irradiation with iridium-192 multicatheter PDR/HDR brachytherapy: preliminary results of the German–Austrian multicenter trial.
        Strahlenther Onkol. 2004; 180: 642-649
        • Ott O.J.
        • Schulz-Wendtland R.
        • Uter W.
        • Pfahlberg A.
        • Beckmann M.W.
        • Sauer R.
        • et al.
        Fat necrosis after conserving surgery and interstitial brachytherapy and/or external-beam irradiation in women with breast cancer.
        Strahlenther Onkol. 2005; 181: 638-644
        • Harris J.R.
        • Levine M.
        • Svensson G.
        • Hellman S.
        Analysis of the cosmetic results following primary radiation therapy for stages I and II carcinoma of the breast.
        Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1979; 5: 257-261
        • Cox J.D.
        • Stetz J.
        • Pajak T.F.
        Toxicity criteria of the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) and the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC).
        Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1995; 31: 1341-1346
      5. LENT SOMA tables. Radiother Oncol 1995;35:17–60.

        • Chao K.K.
        • Vicini F.A.
        • Wallace M.
        • Mitchell C.
        • Chen P.
        • Ghilezan M.
        • et al.
        Analysis of treatment efficacy, cosmesis, and toxicity using the MammoSite breast brachytherapy catheter to deliver accelerated partial-breast irradiation: the William Beaumont hospital experience.
        Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007; 69: 32-40
        • Zannis V.
        • Beitsch P.
        • Vicini F.
        • Quiet C.
        • Keleher A.
        • Garcia D.
        • et al.
        Descriptions and outcomes of insertion techniques of a breast brachytherapy balloon catheter in 1403 patients enrolled in the American Society of Breast Surgeons MammoSite breast brachytherapy registry trial.
        Am J Surg. 2005; 190: 530-538
        • Richards G.M.
        • Berson A.M.
        • Rescigno J.
        • Sanghavi S.
        • Siegel B.
        • Axelrod D.
        • et al.
        Acute toxicity of high-dose-rate intracavitary brachytherapy with the MammoSite applicator in patients with early-stage breast cancer.
        Ann Surg Oncol. 2004; 11: 739-746
        • Vicini F.
        • Beitsch P.
        • Quiet C.
        • Keleher A.
        • Garcia D.
        • Snider H.
        • et al.
        Three-year analysis of treatment efficacy, cosmesis, and toxicity by the American society of breast surgeons MammoSite breast brachytherapy registry trial in patients treated with accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI).
        Cancer. 2008; 112: 758-766
        • Vicini F.A.
        • Beitsch P.D.
        • Quiet C.A.
        • Keleher A.
        • Garcia D.
        • Snider H.G.
        • et al.
        First analysis of patient demographics, technical reproducibility, cosmesis and early toxicity: results of the American society of surgeons MammoSite breast brachytherapy registry trial.
        Cancer. 2005; 104: 1138-1148
        • Sadeghi A.
        • Prestidge B.
        • Lee J.
        • Rosenthal A.
        Evaluation of the surface radiation dose and dose gradient in early stage breast cancer using high-dose-rate brachytherapy MammoSite applicator.
        Brachytherapy. 2006; 5: 230-234
        • Difronzo L.A.
        • Tsai P.I.
        • Hwang J.M.
        • Lee J.J.
        • Ryoo M.C.
        • Rahimian J.
        • et al.
        Breast conserving surgery and accelerated partial breast irradiation using the MammoSite system: initial clinical experience.
        Arch Surg. 2005; 140: 787-794
        • Tsai P.I.
        • Ryan M.
        • Meek K.
        • Ryoo M.C.
        • Tome M.
        • Takasugi J.
        • et al.
        Accelerated partial breast irradiation using the MammoSite device: early technical experience and short-term clinical follow-up.
        Am Surg. 2006; 72: 929-934
        • Chen S.
        • Dickler A.
        • Kirk M.
        • Shah A.
        • Jokich P.
        • Solmos G.
        • et al.
        Patterns of failure after MammoSite brachytherapy partial breast irradiation: a detailed analysis.
        Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007; 69: 25-31
        • Dickler A.
        • Kirk M.C.
        • Choo J.
        • Hsi W.C.
        • Chu J.
        • Dowlatshahi K.
        • et al.
        Cosmetic outcome and incidence of infection with the MammoSite breast brachytherapy applicator.
        Breast J. 2005; 11: 306-310
        • Harper J.L.
        • Jenrette J.M.
        • Vanek K.N.
        • Aguero E.G.
        • Gillanders W.E.
        Acute complications of MammoSite brachytherapy: a single institution’s initial clinical experience.
        Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005; 61: 169-174
        • Shah N.M.
        • Tenenholz T.
        • Arthur D.
        • DiPetrillo T.
        • Bornstein B.
        • Cardarelli G.
        • et al.
        MammoSite and interstitial brachytherapy for accelerated partial breast irradiation: factors that affect toxicity and cosmesis.
        Cancer. 2004; 101: 727-734
        • Evans S.B.
        • Kaufman S.A.
        • Price L.L.
        • Cardarelli G.
        • DiPetrillo T.A.
        • Wazer D.E.
        Persistent seroma after intraoperative placement of MammoSite for accelerated partial breast irradiation: incidence, pathologic anatomy, and contributing actors.
        Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006; 65: 333-339
        • Niehoff P.
        • Polgar C.
        • Ostertag H.
        • Major T.
        • Sulyok Z.
        • Kimmig B.
        • et al.
        Clinical experience with the MammoSite® radiation therapy system for brachytherapy of breast cancer: results from an international phase II trial.
        Radiother Oncol. 2006; 79: 316-320
        • Niehoff P.
        • Ballardini B.
        • Polgar C.
        • Major T.
        • Hammer J.
        • Richetti A.
        • et al.
        Early European experience with the MammoSite radiation therapy system for partial breast brachytherapy following breast conservation operation in low-risk breast cancer.
        Breast. 2006; 15: 319-325
        • Vicini F.A.
        • Chen P.
        • Wallace M.
        • Mitchell C.
        • Hasan Y.
        • Grills I.
        • et al.
        Interim cosmetic results and toxicity using 3D conformal external beam radiotherapy to deliver accelerated partial breast irradiation in patients with early-stage breast cancer treated with breast-conserving therapy.
        Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007; 69: 1124-1130
        • Formenti S.C.
        • Rosenstein B.
        • Skinner K.A.
        • Jozsef G.
        T1 stage breast cancer: adjuvant hypofractionated conformal radiation therapy to tumor bed in selected postmenopausal breast cancer patients – pilot feasibility study.
        Radiat Oncol. 2002; 222: 171-178
        • Formenti S.C.
        • Truong M.T.
        • Goldberg J.D.
        • Mukhi V.
        • Rosenstein B.
        • Roses D.
        • et al.
        Prone accelerated partial breast irradiation after breast-conserving surgery: preliminary clinical results and dose–volume histogram analysis.
        Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004; 60: 493-504
        • Kozak K.R.
        • Smith B.L.
        • Adams J.
        • Kornmehl E.
        • Katz A.
        • Gadd M.
        • et al.
        Accelerated partial-breast irradiation using proton beams: initial clinical experience.
        Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006; 66: 691-698
        • Livi L.
        • Paiar F.
        • Banci Buonamici F.
        • Scoccianti S.
        • Meldolesi E.
        • Scotti V.
        • et al.
        Accelerated intensity-modulated external radiotherapy as a new technical approach to treat the index quadrant after conserving surgery in early breast cancer: a preliminary study.
        Tumori. 2005; 91: 227-232
        • Leonard C.
        • Carter D.
        • Kercher J.
        • Howell K.
        • Henkenberns P.
        • Tallhamer M.
        • et al.
        Prospective trial of accelerated partial breast intensity-modulated radiotherapy.
        Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007; 67: 1291-1298
        • Ribeiro G.G.
        • Magee B.
        • Swindell R.
        • Harris M.
        • Banerjee S.S.
        The Christie Hospital breast conservation trial: an update at 8 years from inception.
        Clin Oncol. 1993; 5: 278-283
        • Magee B.
        • Swindell R.
        • Harris M.
        • Banerjee S.S.
        Prognostic factors for breast recurrence after conservative breast surgery and radiotherapy: results from a randomised trial.
        Radiother Oncol. 1996; 39: 223-227
        • Luini A.
        • Orecchia R.
        • Gatti G.
        • Intra M.
        • Ciocca M.
        • Galimberti V.
        • et al.
        The pilot trial on intraoperative radiotherapy with electrons (ELIOT): update on the results.
        Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2005; 93: 55-59
        • Veronesi U.
        • Orecchia R.
        • Luini A.
        • Galimberti V.
        • Gatti G.
        • Intra M.
        • et al.
        Full-dose intraoperative radiotherapy with electrons during breast-conserving surgery: experience with 590 cases.
        Ann Surg. 2005; 242: 101-106
        • Intra M.
        • Gatti G.
        • Luini A.
        • Galimberti V.
        • Veronesi P.
        • Zurrida S.
        • et al.
        Surgical technique of intraoperative radiotherapy in conservative treatment of limited-stage breast cancer.
        Arch Surg. 2002; 137: 737-740
        • Mussari S.
        • la Sala W.S.
        • Busana L.
        • Vanoni V.
        • Eccher C.
        • Zani B.
        • et al.
        Full-dose intraoperative radiotherapy with electrons in breast cancer: first report on late toxicity and cosmetic results from a single-institution experience.
        Strahlenther Onkol. 2006; 182: 589-595
        • Ollila D.W.
        • Klauber-Demore N.
        • Tesche L.J.
        • Kuzmiak C.M.
        • Pavic D.
        • Goyal L.K.
        • et al.
        Feasibility of breast preserving therapy with single fraction in situ radiotherapy delivered intraoperatively.
        Ann Surg Oncol. 2007; 14: 660-669
        • Proulx G.M.
        • Hurd T.
        • Lee R.J.
        • Stomper P.C.
        • Podgorsak M.B.
        • Edge S.B.
        Intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT) to the tumor bed only for breast cancer: technique and outcome.
        Radiol Oncol. 2001; : 35
        • Vaidya J.S.
        • Baum M.
        • Tobias J.S.
        • D’Souza D.P.
        • Naidu S.V.
        • Morgan S.
        • et al.
        Targeted intra-operative radiotherapy (Targit): an innovative method of treatment for early breast cancer.
        Ann Oncol. 2001; 12: 1075-1080
        • Veronesi U.
        • Volterrani F.
        • Luini A.
        • Saccozzi R.
        • Del Vecchio M.
        • Zucali R.
        • et al.
        Quadrantectomy versus lumpectomy for small size breast cancer.
        Eur J Cancer. 1990; 26: 671-673
        • Sarin R.
        Partial-breast treatment for early breast cancer: emergence of a new paradigm.
        Nat Clin Pract Oncol. 2005; 2: 40-47
        • McCormick B.
        Partial-breast radiation for early staged breast cancers: hypothesis, existing data, and a planned phase III trial.
        JNCCN. 2005; 3: 301-307
        • Polgar C.
        • Strnad V.
        • Major T.
        Brachytherapy for partial breast irradiation: the European experience.
        Semin Radiat Oncol. 2005; 15: 116-122
        • Orecchia R.
        • Ciocca M.
        • Tosi G.
        • Franzetti S.
        • Luini A.
        • Gatti G.
        • et al.
        Intraoperative electron beam radiotherapy (ELIOT) to the breast: a need for a quality assurance programme.
        Breast. 2005; 14: 541-546

      Linked Article