Radiotherapy & Oncology
Volume 95, Issue 3 , Pages 261-268 , June 2010

Dose-rate effects in external beam radiotherapy redux

  • C. Clifton Ling

      Affiliations

    • Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA, USA
    • Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Hospital, New York, NY, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author.
    • Leo E. Gerweck and C. Clifton Ling contributed equally.
  • ,
  • Leo E. Gerweck

      Affiliations

    • Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author.
  • ,
  • Marco Zaider

      Affiliations

    • Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Hospital, New York, NY, USA
  • ,
  • Ellen Yorke

      Affiliations

    • Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Hospital, New York, NY, USA

Received 28 December 2009 ,Revised 10 March 2010 ,Accepted 10 March 2010.

References 

  1. Ling CC, et al. Conformal radiation treatment of prostate cancer using inversely-planned intensity-modulated photon beams produced with dynamic multileaf collimation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1996;35:721–730
  2. Mu X, et al. The effect of fraction time in intensity modulated radiotherapy: theoretical and experimental evaluation of an optimisation problem. Radiother Oncol. 2003;68:181–187
  3. Moiseenko V, Duzenli C, Durand RE. In vitro study of cell survival following dynamic MLC intensity-modulated radiation therapy dose delivery. Med Phys. 2007;34:1514–1520
  4. Shibamoto Y, et al. Recovery from sublethal damage during intermittent exposures in cultured tumor cells: implications for dose modification in radiosurgery and IMRT. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004;59:1484–1490
  5. Benedict SH, et al. The biological effectiveness of intermittent irradiation as a function of overall treatment time: development of correction factors for linac-based stereotactic radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1997;37:765–769
  6. Otto K. Volumetric modulated arc therapy: IMRT in a single gantry arc. Med Phys. 2008;35:310–317
  7. Ling CC, et al. Commissioning and Quality Assurance of RapidArc radiotherapy delivery system. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008;72:575–581
  8. Timmerman RD. An overview of hypofractionation and introduction to this issue of seminars in radiation oncology. Semin Radiat Oncol. 2008;18:215–222
  9. Titt U, et al. A flattening filter free photon treatment concept evaluation with Monte Carlo. Med Phys. 2006;33:1595–1602
  10. Fowler JF, Welsh JS, Howard SP. Loss of biological effect in prolonged fraction delivery. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004;59:242–249
  11. Adams GE, Jameson DG. Time effects in molecular radiation biology. Radiat Environ Biophys. 1980;17:95–113
  12. Roots R, Okada S. Estimation of life times and diffusion distances of radicals involved in X-ray-induced DNA strand breaks of killing of mammalian cells. Radiat Res. 1975;64:306–320
  13. Nikjoo H, et al. Track structure in radiation biology: theory and applications. Int J Radiat Biol. 1998;73:355–364
  14. Nikjoo H, et al. Modelling of radiation-induced DNA damage: the early physical and chemical event. Int J Radiat Biol. 1994;66:453–457
  15. Michaels HB, et al. Oxygen sensitization of CHO cells at ultrahigh dose rates: prelude to oxygen diffusion studies. Radiat Res. 1978;76:510–521
  16. Ling CC, et al. The variation of OER with dose rate. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1985;11:1367–1373
  17. Puck TT, Marcus PI. Action of X-rays on mammalian cells. J Exp Med. 1956;103:653–666
  18. Hall E. Radiobiology for the radiologist. 5th ed.. Philadelphia: Lipincott, Williams and Wilkins; 2000;
  19. Cornforth MN, Bedford JS. X-ray-induced breakage and rejoining of human interphase chromosomes. Science. 1983;222:1141–1143
  20. Bedford JS. Sublethal damage, potentially lethal damage, and chromosomal aberrations in mammalian cells exposed to ionizing radiations. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1991;21:1457–1469
  21. Sachs RK, Hahnfeld P, Brenner DJ. The link between low-LET dose–response relations and the underlying kinetics of damage production/repair/misrepair. Int J Radiat Biol. 1997;72:351–374
  22. Cornforth MN, Bedford JS. A quantitative comparison of potentially lethal damage repair and the rejoining of interphase chromosome breaks in low passage normal human fibroblasts. Radiat Res. 1987;111:385–405
  23. Sax K. Chromosome aberrations induced by X-rays. Genetics. 1938;23:494–516
  24. Dewey WC, et al. Radiosensitization with 5-bromodeoxyuridine of Chinese hamster cells X-irradiated during different phases of the cell cycle. Radiat Res. 1971;47:672–688
  25. Lea DE. Actions of radiation on living cells. London: Cambridge University Press; 1946;
  26. Lea DE, Catcheside DG. The mechanism of the induction by radiation of chromosome aberrations in Tradescantia. J Genetics. 1942;44:216–245
  27. Zaider M. There is no mechanistic basis for the use of the linear-quadratic expression in cellular survival analysis. Med Phys. 1998;25:791–792
  28. Rossi HH, Zaider M. Saturation in dual radiation action. In:  Kiefer J editors. Quantitative mathematical models in radiation biology. New York: Springer; 1988;p. 111–118
  29. Sachs RK, Brenner DJ. The mechanistic basis of the linear-quadratic formalism. Med Phys. 1998;25:2071–2073
  30. Zaider M, Minebo GN. A mathematical model for cell cycle progression under continuous low-dose-rate irradiation. Radiat Res. 1993;133:20–26
  31. Joiner MC, van der Kogel AJ. In:  Steel GG editors. The linear-quadratic approach to fractionation and calculation of the isoeffect relationships in Basic Clinical Radiobiology. Arnold; 1997;
  32. Thames HD, et al. Time-dose factors in radiotherapy: a review of the human data. Radiother Oncol. 1990;19:219–235
  33. Williams MV, Denekamp J, Fowler JF. A review of alpha/beta ratios for experimental tumors: implications for clinical studies of altered fractionation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1985;11:87–96
  34. Dörr W, Breitner A, Kummermehr J. Capacity and kinetics of SLD repair in mouse tongue epithelium. Radiother Oncol. 1993;27:36–45
  35. Masuda K, et al. Leg contracture in mice after single and multifractionated 137Cs exposure. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1987;13:1209–1215
  36. van Rongen E, Thames HD, Travis EL. Recovery from radiation damage in mouse lung: interpretation in terms of two rates of repair. Radiat Res. 1993;133:225–233
  37. Vegesna V, Withers HR, Taylor JM. Differential response of rapidly- and slowly-proliferating hair follicles of mice to fractionated irradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1989;17:1027–1031
  38. Kleineidam M, Pieconka A, Beck-Bornholdt H-P. Radiotherapy of the rhabdomyosarcoma R1H of the rat: influence of the time interval between two daily fractions during hyperfractionated radiotherapy. Radiother Oncol. 1994;30:128–132
  39. Willers H, Prosch B, Beck-Bornholdt H-P. Impact of the interfraction interval on clonogenic cell survival in split-dose irradiation of R1H rhabdomyosarcoma of the rat in vitro. Radiother Oncol. 1997;43:93–96
  40. Rojas A, Joiner MC, Johns H. Recovery kinetics in mouse skin and CaNT tumours. Radiother Oncol. 1989;16:211–220
  41. Antoku S, Kura S. Enhancement of radiosensitivity of cultured mammalian cells by neocarzinostatin. II. Fixation of potentially lethal damage. Int J Radiat Biol. 1990;58:623–632
  42. Kampinga HH, et al. Correlation between slowly repairable double-strand breaks and thermal radiosensitization in the human HeLa S3 cell line. Int J Radiat Biol. 1997;72:293–301
  43. Stephens TC, et al. Response to continuous irradiation (CI) in relation to the initial slope of the cell survival curve for tumours and bone marrow. Br J Cancer Suppl. 1984;6:271–274
  44. Brenner DJ, Hall EJ. Conditions for the equivalence of continuous to pulsed low dose rate brachytherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1991;20:181–190
  45. Mitchell JB, Bedford JS, Bailey SM. Dose-rate effects in mammalian cells in culture. III. Comparison of cell killing and cell proliferation during continuous irradiation for six different cell lines. Radiat Res. 1979;79:537–551
  46. Yi PN, Stanley WS, Lee W. Relationship between mitotic delay and the minimum dose rate of X-irradiation required to stop cell proliferation. Radiat Res. 1993;133:163–169
  47. Mitchell JB, Bedford JS, Bailey SM. Dose-rate effects in plateau-phase cultures of S3 HeLa and V79 cells. Radiat Res. 1979;79:552–567
  48. Winans LF, Dewey WC, Dettor CM. Repair of sublethal and potentially lethal X-ray damage in synchronous Chinese hamster cells. Radiat Res. 1972;52:333–351
  49. Lockart RZ, Elkind MM, Moses WB. Radiation response of mammalian cells grown in culture. II. Survival and recovery characteristics of several subcultures of HeLa S3 cells after X-irradiation. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1961;27:1393–1404
  50. Kelland LR, Steel GG. Recovery from radiation damage in human squamous carcinoma of the cervix. Int J Radiat Biol. 1989;55:119–127
  51. Heller DP, Raaphorst GP. The kinetics of cellular recovery in exponential and plateau growth phase human glioma cells following gamma-irradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1994;30:383–390
  52. Weischelbaum R, Nove J, Little J. Radiation response of human tumor cells in vitro. In:  Meyn WH,  Withers HR editor. Radiation biology in cancer research. New York: Raven Press; 1980;
  53. Gerweck LE, et al. Repair of sublethal damage in mammalian cells irradiated at ultrahigh dose rates. Radiat Res. 1979;77:156–169
  54. Zeman EM, Bedford JS. Dose fractionation effects in plateau-phase cultures of C3H 10T1/2 cells and their transformed counterparts. Radiat Res. 1985;101:373–393
  55. Cox JD, et al. ASTRO plenary: interfraction interval is a major determinant of late effects, with hyperfractionated radiation therapy of carcinomas of upper respiratory and digestive tracts: results from Radiation Therapy Oncology Group protocol 8313. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1991;20:1191–1195
  56. Bentzen SM, Ruifrok AC, Thames HD. Repair capacity and kinetics for human mucosa and epithelial tumors in the head and neck: clinical data on the effect of changing the time interval between multiple fractions per day in radiotherapy. Radiother Oncol. 1996;38:89–101
  57. Turesson I, Thames HD. Repair capacity and kinetics of human skin during fractionated radiotherapy: erythema, desquamation, and telangiectasia after 3 and 5 year’s follow-up. Radiother Oncol. 1989;15:169–188
  58. Ruifrok AC, Kleiboer BJ, van der Kogel AJ. Repair kinetics of radiation damage in the developing rat cervical spinal cord. Int J Radiat Biol. 1993;63:501–508
  59. van den Aardweg GJMJ, Hopewell JW. The kinetics of repair for sublethal radiation-induced damage in the pig epidermis: an interpretation based on a fast and a slow component of repair. Radiother Oncol. 1992;23:94–104
  60. Ang KK, et al. Impact of spinal cord repair kinetics on the practice of altered fractionation schedules. Radiother Oncol. 1992;25:287–294
  61. Landuyt W, et al. Kinetics of repair in the spinal cord of the rat. Radiother Oncol. 1997;45:55–62
  62. Millar WT, et al. Two components of repair in irradiated kidney colony forming cells. Int J Radiat Biol. 1994;66:189–196
  63. Ogino H, et al. Biological effects of intermittent radiation in cultured tumor cells: influence of fraction number and dose per fraction. J Radiat Res (Tokyo). 2005;46:401–406
  64. Kirkpatrick JP, Meyer JJ, Marks LB. The linear-quadratic model is inappropriate to model high dose per fraction effects in radiosurgery. Semin Radiat Oncol. 2008;18:240–243
  65. Brenner DJ. The linear-quadratic model is an appropriate methodology for determining isoeffective doses at large doses per fraction. Semin Radiat Oncol. 2008;18:234–239
  66. Canney PA, Millar WT. Biphasic cellular repair and implications for multiple field radiotherapy treatments. Br J Radiol. 1997;70:817–822

PII: S0167-8140(10)00176-3

doi: 10.1016/j.radonc.2010.03.014

Radiotherapy & Oncology
Volume 95, Issue 3 , Pages 261-268 , June 2010