Radiotherapy & Oncology
Volume 94, Issue 2 , Pages 129-144 , February 2010

The European Society of Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology–European Institute of Radiotherapy (ESTRO–EIR) report on 3D CT-based in-room image guidance systems: A practical and technical review and guide

  • Stine Korreman

      Affiliations

    • Department of Radiation Oncology, The Finsen Centre, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
  • ,
  • Coen Rasch

      Affiliations

    • Department of Radiation Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
  • ,
  • Helen McNair

      Affiliations

    • Department of Clinical Oncology, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Chelsea and Sutton, London, UK
  • ,
  • Dirk Verellen

      Affiliations

    • UZ Brussel, Oncologisch Centrum, Radiotherapie, Brussels, Belgium
  • ,
  • Uwe Oelfke

      Affiliations

    • Department of Medical Physics in Radiation Oncology, Deutsches Krebsforschungzentrum, Heidelberg, Germany
  • ,
  • Philippe Maingon

      Affiliations

    • Département de Radiothérapie, Centre Georges-François-Leclerc, Dijon, France
  • ,
  • Ben Mijnheer

      Affiliations

    • Department of Radiation Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
  • ,
  • Vincent Khoo

      Affiliations

    • Department of Clinical Oncology, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Chelsea and Sutton, London, UK
    • Institute of Cancer Research, Chelsea, London, UK
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Address: Department of Clinical Oncology, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Fulham Road, Chelsea, London SW3 6JJ, UK.

Received 31 October 2009 ,Revised 8 January 2010 ,Accepted 16 January 2010.

References 

  1. Olsen DR, Thwaites DI. Now you see it. Imaging in radiotherapy treatment planning and delivery. Radiother Oncol. 2007;85:173–175
  2. ICRU-50. International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements. ICRU report 50: prescribing, recording, and reporting photon beam therapy. Bethesda, MD: International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurement; 1993. p. 3–16.
  3. ICRU-62. International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements. ICRU report 62: prescribing, recording, and reporting photon beam therapy. Bethesda, MD: International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurement; 1999. p. 3–20.
  4. Parker W, Patrocinio H. Clinical treatment planning in external photon beam radiotherapy. In:  Podgorsak EB editors. Radiation oncology physics: a handbook for teachers and students. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA); 2005;p. 220
  5. Verellen D, De Ridder M, Storme G. A (short) history of image-guided radiotherapy. Radiother Oncol. 2008;86:4–13
  6. Peeters ST, Heemsbergen WD, Koper PC, van Putten WL, Slot A, Dielwart MF, et al. Dose–response in radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer: results of the Dutch multicenter randomized phase III trial comparing 68Gy of radiotherapy with 78Gy. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:1990–1996
  7. Kupelian PA, Langen KM, Zeidan OA, Meeks SL, Willoughby TR, Wagner TH, et al. Daily variations in delivered doses in patients treated with radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;66:876–882
  8. Pollack A, Hanlon AL, Horwitz EM, Feigenberg SJ, Konski AA, Movsas B, et al. Dosimetry and preliminary acute toxicity in the first 100 men treated for prostate cancer on a randomized hypofractionation dose escalation trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;64:518–526
  9. Pow EH, Kwong DL, McMillan AS, Wong MC, Sham JS, Leung LH, et al. Xerostomia and quality of life after intensity-modulated radiotherapy vs conventional radiotherapy for early-stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma: initial report on a randomized controlled clinical trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;66:981–991
  10. Wang J, Bai S, Chen N, Xu F, Jiang X, Li Y, et al. The clinical feasibility and effect of online cone beam computer tomography-guided intensity-modulated radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal cancer. Radiother Oncol. 2009;90:221–227
  11. Burnett SS, Sixel KE, Cheung PC, Hoisak JD. A study of tumor motion management in the conformal radiotherapy of lung cancer. Radiother Oncol. 2008;86:77–85
  12. Sandhu A, Sethi R, Rice R, Wang JZ, Marcus L, Salem C, et al. Prostate bed localization with image-guided approach using on-board imaging: reporting acute toxicity and implications for radiation therapy planning following prostatectomy. Radiother Oncol. 2008;88:20–25
  13. Osman SO, de Boer HC, Astreinidou E, Gangsaas A, Heijmen BJ, Levendag PC. On-line cone beam CT image guidance for vocal cord tumor targeting. Radiother Oncol. 2009;93:8–13
  14. Xu F, Wang J, Bai S, Li Y, Shen Y, Zhong R, et al. Detection of intrafractional tumour position error in radiotherapy utilizing cone beam computed tomography. Radiother Oncol. 2008;89:311–319
  15. Mayr NA, Yuh WT, Taoka T, Wang JZ, Wu DH, Montebello JF, et al. Serial therapy-induced changes in tumor shape in cervical cancer and their impact on assessing tumor volume and treatment response. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006;187:65–72
  16. Taylor A, Powell ME. An assessment of interfractional uterine and cervical motion: implications for radiotherapy target volume definition in gynaecological cancer. Radiother Oncol. 2008;88:250–257
  17. Hansen EK, Bucci MK, Quivey JM, Weinberg V, Xia P. Repeat CT imaging and replanning during the course of IMRT for head-and-neck cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;64:355–362
  18. Britton KR, Starkschall G, Tucker SL, Pan T, Nelson C, Chang JY, et al. Assessment of gross tumor volume regression and motion changes during radiotherapy for non-small-cell lung cancer as measured by four-dimensional computed tomography. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007;68:1036–1046
  19. Fox J, Ford E, Redmond K, Zhou J, Wong J, Song DY. Quantification of tumor volume changes during radiotherapy for non-small-cell lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009;74:341–348
  20. Engels B, De Ridder M, Tournel K, Sermeus A, De Coninck P, Verellen D, et al. Preoperative helical tomotherapy and megavoltage computed tomography for rectal cancer: impact on the irradiated volume of small bowel. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009;74:1476–1480
  21. Rasch C, Steenbakkers R, van Herk M. Target definition in prostate, head, and neck. Semin Radiat Oncol. 2005;15:136–145
  22. Khoo VS, Dearnaley DP, Finnigan DJ, Padhani A, Tanner SF, Leach MO. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): considerations and applications in radiotherapy treatment planning. Radiother Oncol. 1997;42:1–15
  23. Rosenman JG, Miller EP, Tracton G, Cullip TJ. Image registration: an essential part of radiation therapy treatment planning. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1998;40:197–205
  24. Steenbakkers RJ, Duppen JC, Fitton I, Deurloo KE, Zijp LJ, Comans EF, et al. Reduction of observer variation using matched CT-PET for lung cancer delineation: a three-dimensional analysis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;64:435–448
  25. McKenzie A, Coffey M, Greener A, Hall C, van Herk M, Mijnheer BJ, et al. Technical overview of geometric uncertainties in radiotherapy. In: BIR geometric uncertainties in radiotherapy: defining the planning target volume. London: British Institute of Radiology; 2003;p. 11–46
  26. Bos LJ, van der Geer J, van Herk M, Mijnheer BJ, Lebesque JV, Damen EM. The sensitivity of dose distributions for organ motion and set-up uncertainties in prostate IMRT. Radiother Oncol. 2005;76:18–26
  27. Polat B, Wilbert J, Baier K, Flentje M, Guckenberger M. Nonrigid patient setup errors in the head-and-neck region. Strahlenther Onkol. 2007;183:506–511
  28. Juhler Nottrup T, Korreman SS, Pedersen AN, Aarup LR, Nystrom H, Olsen M, et al. Intra- and interfraction breathing variations during curative radiotherapy for lung cancer. Radiother Oncol. 2007;84:40–48
  29. Topolnjak R, van Vliet-Vroegindeweij C, Sonke JJ, Minkema D, Remeijer P, Nijkamp J, et al. Breast-conserving therapy: radiotherapy margins for breast tumor bed boost. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008;72:941–948
  30. Sonke JJ, Rossi M, Wolthaus J, van Herk M, Damen E, Belderbos J. Frameless stereotactic body radiotherapy for lung cancer using four-dimensional cone beam CT guidance. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009;74:567–574
  31. Bel A, Vos PH, Rodrigus PT, Creutzberg CL, Visser AG, Stroom JC, et al. High-precision prostate cancer irradiation by clinical application of an offline patient setup verification procedure, using portal imaging. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1996;35:321–332
  32. de Boer JC, Heijmen BJ. A new approach to off-line setup corrections: combining safety with minimum workload. Med Phys. 2002;29:1998–2012
  33. van Lin EN, van der Vight L, Huizenga H, Kaanders JH, Visser AG. Set-up improvement in head and neck radiotherapy using a 3D off-line EPID-based correction protocol and a customised head and neck support. Radiother Oncol. 2003;68:137–148
  34. Verellen D, Ridder MD, Linthout N, Tournel K, Soete G, Storme G. Innovations in image-guided radiotherapy. Nat Rev Cancer. 2007;7:949–960
  35. Zhang T, Chi Y, Meldolesi E, Yan D. Automatic delineation of on-line head-and-neck computed tomography images: toward on-line adaptive radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007;68:522–530
  36. Jansen EP, Nijkamp J, Gubanski M, Lind PA, Verheij M. Interobserver variation of clinical target volume delineation in gastric cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009;
  37. Jeanneret-Sozzi W, Moeckli R, Valley JF, Zouhair A, Ozsahin EM, Mirimanoff RO. The reasons for discrepancies in target volume delineation: a SASRO study on head-and-neck and prostate cancers. Strahlenther Onkol. 2006;182:450–457
  38. Geets X, Daisne JF, Arcangeli S, Coche E, De Poel M, Duprez T, et al. Inter-observer variability in the delineation of pharyngo-laryngeal tumor, parotid glands and cervical spinal cord: comparison between CT-scan and MRI. Radiother Oncol. 2005;77:25–31
  39. Van Herk M. Will IGRT live up to its promise?. Acta Oncol. 2008;47:1186–1187
  40. Eisbruch A, Ship JA, Dawson LA, Kim HM, Bradford CR, Terrell JE, et al. Salivary gland sparing and improved target irradiation by conformal and intensity modulated irradiation of head and neck cancer. World J Surg. 2003;27:832–837
  41. Garden AS, Morrison WH, Rosenthal DI, Chao KS, Ang KK. Target coverage for head and neck cancers treated with IMRT: review of clinical experiences. Semin Radiat Oncol. 2004;14:103–109
  42. Aoki Y, Akanuma A, Karasawa K, Sakata K, Nakagawa K, Muta N, et al. An integrated radiotherapy treatment system and its clinical application. Radiat Med. 1987;5:131–141
  43. Jaffray DA, Siewerdsen JH, Wong JW, Martinez AA. Flat-panel cone-beam computed tomography for image-guided radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002;53:1337–1349
  44. Smitsmans MH, de Bois J, Sonke JJ, Betgen A, Zijp LJ, Jaffray DA, et al. Automatic prostate localization on cone-beam CT scans for high precision image-guided radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;63:975–984
  45. Purdie TG, Bissonnette JP, Franks K, Bezjak A, Payne D, Sie F, et al. Cone-beam computed tomography for on-line image guidance of lung stereotactic radiotherapy: localization, verification, and intrafraction tumor position. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007;68:243–252
  46. Dawson LA, Jaffray DA. Advances in image-guided radiation therapy. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:938–946
  47. Borst GR, Sonke JJ, Betgen A, Remeijer P, van Herk M, Lebesque JV. Kilo-voltage cone-beam computed tomography setup measurements for lung cancer patients; first clinical results and comparison with electronic portal-imaging device. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007;68:555–561
  48. Simpson RG, Chen CT, Grubbs EA, Swindell W. A 4-MV CT scanner for radiation therapy: the prototype system. Med Phys. 1982;9:574–579
  49. Nakagawa K, Aoki Y, Tago M, Terahara A, Ohtomo K. Megavoltage CT-assisted stereotactic radiosurgery for thoracic tumors: original research in the treatment of thoracic neoplasms. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000;48:449–457
  50. Mosleh-Shirazi MA, Swindell W, Evans PM. Optimization of the scintillation detector in a combined 3D megavoltage CT scanner and portal imager. Med Phys. 1998;25:1880–1890
  51. Pouliot J, Bani-Hashemi A, Chen J, Svatos M, Ghelmansarai F, Mitschke M, et al. Low-dose megavoltage cone-beam CT for radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;61:552–560
  52. Herman MG, Balter JM, Jaffray DA, McGee KP, Munro P, Shalev S, et al. Clinical use of electronic portal imaging: report of AAPM Radiation Therapy Committee Task Group 58. Med Phys. 2001;28:712–737
  53. Mackie TR, Kapatoes J, Ruchala K, Lu W, Wu C, Olivera G, et al. Image guidance for precise conformal radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003;56:89–105
  54. Groh BA, Siewerdsen JH, Drake DG, Wong JW, Jaffray DA. A performance comparison of flat-panel imager-based MV and kV cone-beam CT. Med Phys. 2002;29:967–975
  55. Cheng CW, Wong J, Grimm L, Chow M, Uematsu M, Fung A. Commissioning and clinical implementation of a sliding gantry CT scanner installed in an existing treatment room and early clinical experience for precise tumor localization. Am J Clin Oncol. 2003;26:e28–e36
  56. Jaffray DA. Emergent technologies for 3-dimensional image-guided radiation delivery. Semin Radiat Oncol. 2005;15:208–216
  57. Wong JR, Grimm L, Uematsu M, Oren R, Cheng CW, Merrick S, et al. Image-guided radiotherapy for prostate cancer by CT-linear accelerator combination: prostate movements and dosimetric considerations. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;61:561–569
  58. Ma CM, Paskalev K. In-room CT techniques for image-guided radiation therapy. Med Dosim. 2006;31:30–39
  59. Stutzel J, Oelfke U, Nill S. A quantitative image quality comparison of four different image guided radiotherapy devices. Radiother Oncol. 2008;86:20–24
  60. Owen R, Kron T, Foroudi F, Milner A, Cox J, Duchesne G, et al. Comparison of CT on rails with electronic portal imaging for positioning of prostate cancer patients with implanted fiducial markers. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009;74:906–912
  61. Bissonnette JP, Moseley DJ, Jaffray DA. A quality assurance program for image quality of cone-beam CT guidance in radiation therapy. Med Phys. 2008;35:1807–1815
  62. Islam MK, Purdie TG, Norrlinger BD, Alasti H, Moseley DJ, Sharpe MB, et al. Patient dose from kilovoltage cone beam computed tomography imaging in radiation therapy. Med Phys. 2006;33:1573–1582
  63. Wen N, Guan H, Hammoud R, Pradhan D, Nurushev T, Li S, et al. Dose delivered from Varian’s CBCT to patients receiving IMRT for prostate cancer. Phys Med Biol. 2007;52:2267–2276
  64. Stock M, Pasler M, Birkfellner W, Homolka P, Poetter R, Georg D. Image quality and stability of image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT) devices: a comparative study. Radiother Oncol. 2009;93:1–7
  65. Siewerdsen JH, Daly MJ, Bakhtiar B, Moseley DJ, Richard S, Keller H, et al. A simple, direct method for X-ray scatter estimation and correction in digital radiography and cone-beam CT. Med Phys. 2006;33:187–197
  66. Graham SA, Moseley DJ, Siewerdsen JH, Jaffray DA. Compensators for dose and scatter management in cone-beam computed tomography. Med Phys. 2007;34:2691–2703
  67. Walter C, Boda-Heggemann J, Wertz H, Loeb I, Rahn A, Lohr F, et al. Phantom and in-vivo measurements of dose exposure by image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT): MV portal images vs. kV portal images vs. cone-beam CT. Radiother Oncol. 2007;85:418–423
  68. Sonke JJ, Zijp L, Remeijer P, van Herk M. Respiratory correlated cone beam CT. Med Phys. 2005;32:1176–1186
  69. Dietrich L, Jetter S, Tucking T, Nill S, Oelfke U. Linac-integrated 4D cone beam CT: first experimental results. Phys Med Biol. 2006;51:2939–2952
  70. Guckenberger M, Meyer J, Wilbert J, Richter A, Baier K, Mueller G, et al. Intra-fractional uncertainties in cone-beam CT based image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT) of pulmonary tumors. Radiother Oncol. 2007;83:57–64
  71. Mosleh-Shirazi MA, Evans PM, Swindell W, Webb S, Partridge M. A cone-beam megavoltage CT scanner for treatment verification in conformal radiotherapy. Radiother Oncol. 1998;48:319–328
  72. Ford EC, Chang J, Mueller K, Sidhu K, Todor D, Mageras G, et al. Cone-beam CT with megavoltage beams and an amorphous silicon electronic portal imaging device. potential for verification of radiotherapy of lung cancer. Med Phys. 2002;29:2913–2924
  73. Murphy MJ, Balter J, Balter S, BenComo JA, Das IJ, Jiang SB, et al. The management of imaging dose during image-guided radiotherapy: report of the AAPM Task Group 75. Med Phys. 2007;34:4041–4063
  74. Midgley S, Millar RM, Dudson J. A feasibility study for megavoltage cone beam CT using a commercial EPID. Phys Med Biol. 1998;43:155–169
  75. Spies L, Ebert M, Groh BA, Hesse BM, Bortfeld T. Correction of scatter in megavoltage cone-beam CT. Phys Med Biol. 2001;46:821–833
  76. Seppi EJ, Munro P, Johnsen SW, Shapiro EG, Tognina C, Jones D, et al. Megavoltage cone-beam computed tomography using a high-efficiency image receptor. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003;55:793–803
  77. Anastasio MA, Shi D, Pan X, Pelizzari C, Munro P. A preliminary investigation of local tomography for megavoltage CT imaging. Med Phys. 2003;30:2969–2980
  78. Sidhu K, Ford EC, Spirou S, Yorke E, Chang J, Mueller K, et al. Optimization of conformal thoracic radiotherapy using cone-beam CT imaging for treatment verification. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003;55:757–767
  79. Morin O, Gillis A, Descovich M, Chen J, Aubin M, Aubry JF, et al. Patient dose considerations for routine megavoltage cone-beam CT imaging. Med Phys. 2007;34:1819–1827
  80. Mackie TR, Holmes T, Swerdloff S, Reckwerdt P, Deasy JO, Yang J, et al. Tomotherapy: a new concept for the delivery of dynamic conformal radiotherapy. Med Phys. 1993;20:1709–1719
  81. Carol M. Peacock: a system for planning and rotational delivery of intensity-modulated fields. Int J Imaging Syst Technol. 1995;6:56–61
  82. Verellen D, Linthout N, van den Berge D, Bel A, Storme G. Initial experience with intensity-modulated conformal radiation therapy for treatment of the head and neck region. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1997;39:99–114
  83. Verellen D, Linthout N, Storme G. Target localization and treatment verification for intensity modulated conformal radiation therapy of the head and neck region. The AZ-VUB experience. Akademisch Ziekenhuis-Vrije Universiteit Brussel. Strahlenther Onkol. 1998;174:19–27
  84. Fenwick JD, Tome WA, Jaradat HA, Hui SK, James JA, Balog JP, et al. Quality assurance of a helical tomotherapy machine. Phys Med Biol. 2004;49:2933–2953
  85. Boswell S, Tome W, Jeraj R, Jaradat H, Mackie TR. Automatic registration of megavoltage to kilovoltage CT images in helical tomotherapy: an evaluation of the setup verification process for the special case of a rigid head phantom. Med Phys. 2006;33:4395–4404
  86. Woodford C, Yartsev S, Van Dyk J. Optimization of megavoltage CT scan registration settings for brain cancer treatments on tomotherapy. Phys Med Biol. 2007;52:N185–N193
  87. McCollough CH. CT dose: how to measure, how to reduce. Health Phys. 2008;95:508–517
  88. de Crevoisier R, Tucker SL, Dong L, Mohan R, Cheung R, Cox JD, et al. Increased risk of biochemical and local failure in patients with distended rectum on the planning CT for prostate cancer radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;62:965–973
  89. Heemsbergen WD, Hoogeman MS, Witte MG, Peeters ST, Incrocci L, Lebesque JV. Increased risk of biochemical and clinical failure for prostate patients with a large rectum at radiotherapy planning: results from the Dutch trial of 68 GY versus 78 Gy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007;67:1418–1424
  90. Verbakel WF, Senan S, Cuijpers JP, Slotman BJ, Lagerwaard FJ. Rapid delivery of stereotactic radiotherapy for peripheral lung tumors using volumetric intensity-modulated arcs. Radiother Oncol. 2009;93:122–124
  91. Lee MT, Kim JJ, Dinniwell R, Brierley J, Lockwood G, Wong R, et al. Phase I study of individualized stereotactic body radiotherapy of liver metastases. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:1585–1591
  92. Bijdekerke P, Verellen D, Tournel K, Vinh-Hung V, Somers F, Bieseman P, et al. Tomotherapy: implications on daily workload and scheduling patients. Radiother Oncol. 2008;86:224–230
  93. Brock KK, Hawkins M, Eccles C, Moseley JL, Moseley DJ, Jaffray DA, et al. Improving image-guided target localization through deformable registration. Acta Oncol. 2008;47:1279–1285
  94. Han X, Hoogeman MS, Levendag PC, Hibbard LS, Teguh DN, Voet P, et al. Atlas-based auto-segmentation of head and neck CT images. Med Image Comput Comput Assist Interv Int Conf Med Image Comput Comput Assist Interv. 2008;11:434–441
  95. Wang H, Garden AS, Zhang L, Wei X, Ahamad A, Kuban DA, et al. Performance evaluation of automatic anatomy segmentation algorithm on repeat or four-dimensional computed tomography images using deformable image registration method. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008;72:210–219
  96. Soofi W, Starkschall G, Britton K, Vedam S. Determination of an optimal organ set to implement deformations to support four-dimensional dose calculations in radiation therapy planning. J Appl Clin Med Phys. 2008;9:2794
  97. Lerma FA, Liu B, Wang Z, Yi B, Amin P, Liu S, et al. Role of image-guided patient repositioning and online planning in localized prostate cancer IMRT. Radiother Oncol. 2009;93:18–24
  98. Ling CC, Humm J, Larson S, Amols H, Fuks Z, Leibel S, et al. Towards multidimensional radiotherapy (MD-CRT): biological imaging and biological conformality. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000;47:551–560
  99. Daisne JF, Duprez T, Weynand B, Lonneux M, Hamoir M, Reychler H, et al. Tumor volume in pharyngolaryngeal squamous cell carcinoma: comparison at CT, MR imaging, and FDG PET and validation with surgical specimen. Radiology. 2004;233:93–100
  100. Geets X, Tomsej M, Lee JA, Duprez T, Coche E, Cosnard G, et al. Adaptive biological image-guided IMRT with anatomic and functional imaging in pharyngo-laryngeal tumors: impact on target volume delineation and dose distribution using helical tomotherapy. Radiother Oncol. 2007;85:105–115
  101. Drabik DM, MacKenzie MA, Fallone GB. Quantifying appropriate PTV setup margins: analysis of patient setup fidelity and intrafraction motion using post-treatment megavoltage computed tomography scans. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007;68:1222–1228
  102. Kupelian PA, Lee C, Langen KM, Zeidan OA, Manon RR, Willoughby TR, et al. Evaluation of image-guidance strategies in the treatment of localized prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008;70:1151–1157
  103. Schulze D, Liang J, Yan D, Zhang T. Comparison of various online IGRT strategies: the benefits of online treatment plan re-optimization. Radiother Oncol. 2009;90:367–376
  104. Mangar SA, Scurr E, Huddart RA, Sohaib SA, Horwich A, Dearnaley DP, et al. Assessing intra-fractional bladder motion using cine-MRI as initial methodology for Predictive Organ Localization (POLO) in radiotherapy for bladder cancer. Radiother Oncol. 2007;85:207–214
  105. Mangar SA, Miller NR, Khoo VS, Hansen V, McNair H, Horwich A, et al. Evaluating inter-fractional changes in volume and position during bladder radiotherapy and the effect of volume limitation as a method of reducing the internal margin of the planning target volume. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2008;20:698–704
  106. McBain CA, Khoo VS, Buckley DL, Sykes JS, Green MM, Cowan RA, et al. Assessment of bladder motion for clinical radiotherapy practice using cine-magnetic resonance imaging. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009;75:664–671
  107. Broggi S, Cozzarini C, Fiorino C, Maggiulli E, Alongi F, Cattaneo GM, et al. Modeling set-up error by daily MVCT for prostate adjuvant treatment delivered in 20 fractions: Implications for the assessment of the optimal correction strategies. Radiother Oncol. 2009;93:246–252
  108. Yan D, Ziaja E, Jaffray D, Wong J, Brabbins D, Vicini F, et al. The use of adaptive radiation therapy to reduce setup error: a prospective clinical study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1998;41:715–720
  109. Godfrey DJ, Ren L, Yan H, Wu Q, Yoo S, Oldham M, et al. Evaluation of three types of reference image data for external beam radiotherapy target localization using digital tomosynthesis (DTS). Med Phys. 2007;34:3374–3384
  110. Pang G, Bani-Hashemi A, Au P, O’Brien PF, Rowlands JA, Morton G, et al. Megavoltage cone beam digital tomosynthesis (MV-CBDT) for image-guided radiotherapy: a clinical investigational system. Phys Med Biol. 2008;53:999–1013
  111. Maurer J, Godfrey D, Wang Z, Yin FF. On-board four-dimensional digital tomosynthesis: first experimental results. Med Phys. 2008;35:3574–3583
  112. Kupelian PA, Ramsey C, Meeks SL, Willoughby TR, Forbes A, Wagner TH, et al. Serial megavoltage CT imaging during external beam radiotherapy for non-small-cell lung cancer: observations on tumor regression during treatment. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;63:1024–1028
  113. Guckenberger M, Krieger T, Richter A, Baier K, Wilbert J, Sweeney RA, et al. Potential of image-guidance, gating and real-time tracking to improve accuracy in pulmonary stereotactic body radiotherapy. Radiother Oncol. 2009;91:288–295
  114. Ramsey CR, Langen KM, Kupelian PA, Scaperoth DD, Meeks SL, Mahan SL, et al. A technique for adaptive image-guided helical tomotherapy for lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;64:1237–1244
  115. Grein EE, Lee R, Luchka K. An investigation of a new amorphous silicon electronic portal imaging device for transit dosimetry. Med Phys. 2002;29:2262–2268
  116. van Elmpt W, McDermott L, Nijsten S, Wendling M, Lambin P, Mijnheer B. A literature review of electronic portal imaging for radiotherapy dosimetry. Radiother Oncol. 2008;88:289–309
  117. Perks JR, Lehmann J, Chen AM, Yang CC, Stern RL, Purdy JA. Comparison of peripheral dose from image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT) using kV cone beam CT to intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). Radiother Oncol. 2008;89:304–310
  118. Yan D. Developing quality assurance processes for image-guided adaptive radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008;71:S28–S32
  119. Lagendijk JJ, Raaymakers BW, Raaijmakers AJ, Overweg J, Brown KJ, Kerkhof EM, et al. MRI/linac integration. Radiother Oncol. 2008;86:25–29
  120. Kirkby C, Stanescu T, Rathee S, Carlone M, Murray B, Fallone BG. Patient dosimetry for hybrid MRI-radiotherapy systems. Med Phys. 2008;35:1019–1027

PII: S0167-8140(10)00055-1

doi: 10.1016/j.radonc.2010.01.004

Radiotherapy & Oncology
Volume 94, Issue 2 , Pages 129-144 , February 2010