« Previous
Next »
Radiotherapy & Oncology
Volume 88, Issue 3
, Pages 289-309
, September 2008
A literature review of electronic portal imaging for radiotherapy dosimetry
References
- . Clinical use of electronic portal imaging. Semin Radiat Oncol. 2005;15:157–167
- Clinical use of electronic portal imaging: report of AAPM Radiation Therapy Committee Task Group 58. Med Phys. 2001;28:712–737
- . Guide to clinical use of electronic portal imaging. J Appl Clin Med Phys. 2000;1:38–57
- . Portal imaging. Br J Radiol. 2001;74:789–804
- . Electronic portal imaging devices: a review and historical perspective of contemporary technologies and research. Phys Med Biol. 2002;47:R31–65
- . QA-QC of IMRT: European perspective. In: Bortfeld T, Schmidt-Ullrich R, De Neve W, Wazer DE editor. Image-guided IMRT. Berlin-Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag; 2006;
- . QA-QC of IMRT: American perspective. In: Bortfeld T, Schmidt-Ullrich R, De Neve W, Wazer DE editor. Image-guided IMRT. Berlin-Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag; 2006;
- Dosimetric quality assurance for intensity-modulated radiotherapy feasibility study for a filmless approach. Strahlenther Onkol. 2005;181:468–474
- Dosimetric characterization of a large area pixel-segmented ionization chamber. Med Phys. 2004;31:414–420
- . Characterization of a 2D ion chamber array for the verification of radiotherapy treatments. Phys Med Biol. 2005;50:3361–3373
- . Evaluation of a 2D diode array for IMRT quality assurance. Radiother Oncol. 2004;70:199–206
- . A 2-D diode array and analysis software for verification of intensity modulated radiation therapy delivery. Med Phys. 2003;30:870–879
- . Dosimetric verification of 6 and 18
MV intensity modulated photon beams using a dedicated fluoroscopic electronic portal imaging device (EPID). Radiother Oncol. 2006;81:88–96 - . Tomotherapeutic portal imaging for radiation treatment verification. Phys Med Biol. 1998;43:3607–3616
- . Performance of electronic portal imaging devices (EPIDs) used in radiotherapy: image quality and dose measurements. Med Phys. 2004;31:985–996
- A review of electronic portal imaging devices (EPIDs). Med Phys. 1992;19:1–16
- . Developments in electronic portal imaging systems. Br J Radiol. 2006;79 Spec No. 1:S50–S65
- . Physical aspects of a liquid-filled ionization chamber with pulsed polarizing voltage. Med Phys. 1991;18:692–702
- . First clinical experience with a newly developed electronic portal imaging device. Int J Rad Oncol Biol Phys. 1990;18:1173–1181
- . A liquid ionisation detector for digital radiography of therapeutic megavoltage photon beams. Phys Med Biol. 1985;30:313–321
- . A matrix ionisation chamber imaging device for on-line patient setup verification during radiotherapy. Radiother Oncol. 1988;11:369–378
- . Transmission dosimetry with a liquid-filled electronic portal imaging device. Int J Rad Oncol Biol Phys. 1996;34:931–941
- . Input/output characteristics of a matrix ion-chamber electronic portal imaging device. Med Phys. 1994;21:1447–1454
- . Dosimetric characteristics of a liquid-filled electronic portal imaging device. Int J Rad Oncol Biol Physics. 1995;33:1265–1272
- . Portal dosimetry using a liquid ion chamber matrix: dose response studies. Med Phys. 1995;22:1101–1106
- . The dose response relationship of a liquid-filled electronic portal imaging device. Med Phys. 1996;23:1601–1611
- . Calibration of a portal imaging device for high-precision dosimetry: a Monte Carlo study. Med Phys. 1998;25:1891–1902
- . The use of an electronic portal imaging system to measure portal dose and portal dose profiles. Med Phys. 1998;25:1903–1909
- . An iterative EPID calibration procedure for dosimetric verification that considers the EPID scattering factor. Med Phys. 2001;28:2247–2257
- . Pre-treatment dosimetric verification by means of a liquid-filled electronic portal imaging device during dynamic delivery of intensity modulated treatment fields. Radiother Oncol. 2001;60:181–190
- . Evaluation of rapid dose map acquisition of a scanning liquid-filled ionization chamber electronic portal imaging device. Int J Rad Oncol Biol Phys. 2003;55:1432–1445
- . Correction for dose–response variations in a scanning liquid ion chamber EPID as a function of linac gantry angle. Phys Med Biol. 2004;49:N93–103
- . The stability of liquid-filled matrix ionization chamber electronic portal imaging devices for dosimetry purposes. Med Phys. 2004;31:819–827
- . The prediction of transmitted dose distributions using a 3D treatment planning system. Australas Phys Eng Sci Med. 2006;29:18–29
- . Two-dimensional transmitted dose measurements using a scanning liquid ionization chamber EPID. Phys Med Biol. 2006;51:2971–2985
- Dosimetric properties of the liquid ionization chamber electronic portal imaging device (EPID). Igaku Butsuri. 2006;26:28–38
- . A linear array, scintillation crystal-photodiode detector for megavoltage imaging. Med Phys. 1991;18:681–691
- . An electronic portal imaging device for transit dosimetry. Phys Med Biol. 1997;42:2273–2283
- . The application of transit dosimetry to precision radiotherapy. Med Phys. 1996;23:713–721
- . Rapid portal imaging with a high-efficiency, large field-of-view detector. Med Phys. 1998;25:2333–2346
- . Physical characteristics of a commercial electronic portal imaging device. Med Phys. 1996;23:1845–1855
- Portal dose measurement in radiotherapy using an electronic portal imaging device (EPID). Phys Med Biol. 1995;40:1943–1955
- . Accurate portal dose measurement with a fluoroscopic electronic portal imaging device (EPID) for open and wedged beams and dynamic multileaf collimation. Phys Med Biol. 1998;43:2047–2060
- . Verification of treatment parameter transfer by means of electronic portal dosimetry. Med Phys. 2004;31:341–347
- . Dosimetric properties of the Theraview fluoroscopic electronic portal imaging device. Br J Radiol. 2000;73:517–530
- . Measurement of the response of Gd2O2S:Tb phosphor to 6
MV X-rays. Phys Med Biol. 2001;46:517–530 - . Characteristics relevant to portal dosimetry of a cooled CCD camera-based EPID. Med Phys. 2004;31:2549–2551
- . A novel approach to accurate portal dosimetry using CCD-camera based EPIDs. Med Phys. 2006;33:888–903
- . Characterization of a high-elbow, fluoroscopic electronic portal imaging device for portal dosimetry. Phys Med Biol. 2000;45:197–216
- . Optical scattering in camera-based electronic portal imaging. Phys Med Biol. 1999;44:2381–2396
- . IMRT verification with a camera-based electronic portal imaging system. Phys Med Biol. 2000;45:N183–N196
- . Testing of the stability of intensity modulated beams generated with dynamic multileaf collimation, applied to the MM50 racetrack microtron. Med Phys. 2000;27:2701–2707
- . Daily dosimetric quality control of the MM50 racetrack microtron using an electronic portal imaging device. Radiother Oncol. 1995;37:55–60
- Initial performance evaluation of an indirect-detection, active matrix flat-panel imager (AMFPI) prototype for megavoltage imaging. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1998;42:437–454
- A real-time, flat-panel, amorphous silicon, digital X-ray imager. Radiographics. 1995;15:993–1000
- . Dose–response and ghosting effects of an amorphous silicon electronic portal imaging device. Med Phys. 2004;31:285–295
- . An intercomparison of 11 amorphous silicon EPIDs of the same type: implications for portal dosimetry. Phys Med Biol. 2006;51:4189–4200
- . Monte Carlo modelling of a-Si EPID response: the effect of spectral variations with field size and position. Med Phys. 2006;33:4527–4540
- . Dose–response characteristics of an amorphous silicon EPID. Med Phys. 2005;32:3095–3105
- . Amorphous silicon EPID calibration for dosimetric applications: comparison of a method based on Monte Carlo prediction of response with existing techniques. Phys Med Biol. 2007;52:3351–3368
- . Calibration of an amorphous-silicon flat panel portal imager for exit-beam dosimetry. Med Phys. 2006;33:584–594
- A global calibration model for a-Si EPIDs used for transit dosimetry. Med Phys. 2007;34:3872–3884
- . Correction of pixel sensitivity variation and off-axis response for amorphous silicon EPID dosimetry. Med Phys. 2005;32:3558–3568
- . The use of an aSi-based EPID for routine absolute dosimetric pre-treatment verification of dynamic IMRT fields. Radiother Oncol. 2004;71:223–234
- . Dosimetric properties of an amorphous silicon electronic portal imaging device for verification of dynamic intensity modulated radiation therapy. Med Phys. 2003;30:1618–1627
- . Consequences of the spectral response of an a-Si EPID and implications for dosimetric calibration. Med Phys. 2005;32:2649–2658
- . Dosimetric investigation and portal dose image prediction using an amorphous silicon electronic portal imaging device. Med Phys. 2001;28:911–924
- . Monte Carlo computation of dosimetric amorphous silicon electronic portal images. Med Phys. 2004;31:2135–2146
- . An investigation of a new amorphous silicon electronic portal imaging device for transit dosimetry. Med Phys. 2002;29:2262–2268
- . Comprehensive Monte Carlo calculation of the point spread function for a commercial a-Si EPID. Med Phys. 2005;32:1115–1127
- The long-term stability of amorphous silicon flat panel imaging devices for dosimetry purposes. Med Phys. 2004;31:2989–2995
- Relative dosimetry using active matrix flat-panel imager (AMFPI) technology. Med Phys. 1999;26:1530–1541
- . A performance comparison of direct- and indirect-detection flat-panel imagers. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res A. 2002;484:351–363
- . Blurring artifacts in megavoltage radiography with a flat-panel imaging system: comparison of Monte Carlo simulations with measurements. Med Phys. 2002;29:2559–2570
- . Off-axis dose response characteristics of an amorphous silicon electronic portal imaging device. Med Phys. 2007;34:3815–3824
- . Accurate two-dimensional IMRT verification using a back-projection EPID dosimetry method. Med Phys. 2006;33:259–273
- . Pretreatment verification of IMRT absolute dose distributions using a commercial a-Si EPID. Med Phys. 2006;33:4367–4378
- . Comparison of ghosting effects for three commercial a-Si EPIDs. Med Phys. 2006;33:2448–2451
- . A ghost story: spatio-temporal response characteristics of an indirect-detection flat-panel imager. Med Phys. 1999;26:1624–1641
- . Improving IMRT quality control efficiency using an amorphous silicon electronic portal imager. Med Phys. 2005;32:3267–3278
- . A convolution model to convert transmission dose images to exit dose distributions. Med Phys. 1997;24:189–199
- . Relative profile and dose verification of intensity-modulated radiation therapy. Int J Rad Oncol Biol Phys. 2000;47:231–240
- . Monte Carlo simulation of portal dosimetry on a rectilinear voxel geometry: a variable gantry angle solution. Phys Med Biol. 2003;48:N231–238
- . Use of an amorphous silicon electronic portal imaging device for multileaf collimator quality control and calibration. Phys Med Biol. 2005;50:1377–1392
- . An electronic portal imaging device as a physics tool. Med Dosim. 1997;22:101–105
- . Fast, daily linac verification for segmented IMRT using electronic portal imaging. Radiother Oncol. 2006;80:86–92
- . Daily monitoring of linear accelerator beam parameters using an amorphous silicon EPID. Phys Med Biol. 2007;52:1721–1733
- . Use of EPID for leaf position accuracy QA of dynamic multi-leaf collimator (DMLC) treatment. Med Phys. 2004;31:2091–2096
- . Assessment of flatness and symmetry of megavoltage X-ray beam with an electronic portal imaging device (EPID). Australas Phys Eng Sci Med. 2002;25:58–66
- . Intensity-modulated radiation therapy: overlapping co-axial modulated fields. Phys Med Biol. 2004;49:3629–3637
- . Verification of a rounded leaf-end MLC model used in a radiotherapy treatment planning system. Phys Med Biol. 2006;51:N65–78
- . Accurate measurement of the dynamic response of a scanning electronic portal imaging device. Med Phys. 2001;28:310–316
- . Utilizing an electronic portal imaging device to monitor light and radiation field congruence. J Appl Clin Med Phys. 2003;4:315–320
- . Computer verification of fluence map for intensity modulated radiation therapy. Med Phys. 2000;27:2084–2092
- . Quantitative measurement of MLC leaf displacements using an electronic portal image device. Phys Med Biol. 2004;49:1521–1533
- Verification of multileaf collimator leaf positions using an electronic portal imaging device. Med Phys. 2002;29:2900–2912
- . Evaluation of two methods of predicting MLC leaf positions using EPID measurements. Med Phys. 2006;33:3174–3182
- . Fast and accurate leaf verification for dynamic multileaf collimation using an electronic portal imaging device. Med Phys. 2002;29:2034–2040
- . Leaf position verification during dynamic beam delivery: a comparison of three applications using electronic portal imaging. Med Phys. 2000;27:1601–1609
- . A method for geometrical verification of dynamic intensity modulated radiotherapy using a scanning electronic portal imaging device. Med Phys. 2002;29:1071–1079
- . Leaf trajectory verification during dynamic intensity modulated radiotherapy using an amorphous silicon flat panel imager. Med Phys. 2004;31:389–395
- . Verification of dynamic multileaf collimation using an electronic portal imaging device. Phys Med Biol. 2000;45:495–509
- . Using fluence separation to account for energy spectra dependence in computing dosimetric a-Si EPID images for IMRT fields. Med Phys. 2006;33:4468–4480
- . Investigation of tilted dose kernels for portal dose prediction in a-Si electronic portal imagers. Med Phys. 2006;33:3333–3339
- . Monte Carlo studies of the exit photon spectra and dose to a metal/phosphor portal imaging screen. Med Phys. 2000;27:330–339
- . Using the frame averaging of aS500 EPID for IMRT verification. J Appl Clin Med Phys. 2003;4:287–299
- . On the verification of the incident energy fluence in tomotherapy IMRT. Phys Med Biol. 2001;46:2953–2965
- . Verification of step-and-shoot IMRT delivery using a fast video-based electronic portal imaging device. Med Phys. 2004;31:463–476
- . Dosimetric IMRT verification with a flat-panel EPID. Med Phys. 2003;30:3143–3155
- . Pre-treatment verification of intensity modulated photon beams with films and electronic portal imaging–two years of clinical experience. Z Med Phys. 2004;14:239–250
- . An active matrix flat panel dosimeter (AMFPD) for in-phantom dosimetric measurements. Med Phys. 2005;32:466–472
- . GLAaS: an absolute dose calibration algorithm for an amorphous silicon portal imager. Applications to IMRT verifications. Med Phys. 2006;33:2839–2851
- . 3D in vivo dosimetry by means of entrance dosimetry for dose guided radiotherapy. Radiother Oncol. 2006;81:S46
- DAVID–a translucent multi-wire transmission ionization chamber for in vivo verification of IMRT and conformal irradiation techniques. Phys Med Biol. 2006;51:1237–1248
- . Three-dimensional portal image-based dose reconstruction in a virtual phantom for rapid evaluation of IMRT plans. Med Phys. 2006;33:3369–3382
- A Monte Carlo based three-dimensional dose reconstruction method derived from portal dose images. Med Phys. 2006;33:2426–2434
- . Treatment verification in the presence of inhomogeneities using EPID-based three-dimensional dose reconstruction. Med Phys. 2007;34:2816–2826
- . The next step in patient-specific QA: 3D dose verification of conformal and intensity-modulated RT based on EPID dosimetry and Monte Carlo dose calculations. Radiother Oncol. 2008;86:86–92
- . A method for deconvolution of integrated electronic portal images to obtain incident fluence for dose reconstruction. J Appl Clin Med Phys. 2005;6:22–39
- . Three-dimensional IMRT verification with a flat-panel EPID. Med Phys. 2005;32:600–612
- . 3D dose reconstruction for clinical evaluation of IMRT pretreatment verification with an EPID. Radiother Oncol. 2007;82:201–207
- . Correction of conebeam CT values using a planning CT for derivation of the “dose of the day”. Radiother Oncol. 2007;85:195–200
- . Modeling dose distributions from portal dose images using the convolution/superposition method. Med Phys. 1996;23:1381–1392
- . Analysis and convergence of the iterative convolution/superposition dose reconstruction technique for multiple treatment beams and tomotherapy. Med Phys. 1997;24:1465–1476
- . Quality assurance in radiotherapy by in vivo dosimetry. 1. Entrance dose measurements, a reliable procedure. Radiother Oncol. 1990;17:141–151
- . The accuracy of CT-based inhomogeneity corrections and in vivo dosimetry for the treatment of lung cancer. Radiother Oncol. 1995;37:199–208
- . Transit dosimetry with an electronic portal imaging device (EPID) for 115 prostate cancer patients. Int J Rad Oncol Biol Phys. 1999;45:1297–1303
- . Routine individualised patient dosimetry using electronic portal imaging devices. Radiother Oncol. 2007;83:65–75
- . Primary photon fluence extraction from portal images acquired with an amorphous silicon flat panel detector: experimental determination of a scatter filter. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2007;26:125–132
- In vivo dosimetry by an aSi-based EPID. Med Phys. 2006;33:4414–4422
- Application of a practical method for the isocenter point in vivo dosimetry by a transit signal. Phys Med Biol. 2007;52:5101–5117
- . Portal dose image (PDI) prediction for dosimetric treatment verification in radiotherapy. I. An algorithm for open beams. Med Phys. 1998;25:830–840
- . Evaluation of an electronic portal imaging device for transit dosimetry. Acta Oncol. 1999;38:591–596
- . Improvement of radiotherapy treatment delivery accuracy using an electronic portal imaging device. Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2006;121:70–79
- . Experimental verification of a portal dose prediction model. Med Phys. 2005;32:2805–2818
- . Photon scatter in portal images: accuracy of a fluence based pencil beam superposition algorithm. Med Phys. 2000;27:913–922
- . Photon scatter in portal images: physical characteristics of pencil beam kernels generated using the EGS Monte Carlo code. Med Phys. 2000;27:312–320
- . A two-step algorithm for predicting portal dose images in arbitrary detectors. Med Phys. 2000;27:2109–2116
- . Portal dose image verification: formalism and application of the collapsed cone superposition method. Phys Med Biol. 2002;47:4371–4387
- . Portal dose image verification: the collapsed cone superposition method applied with different electronic portal imaging devices. Phys Med Biol. 2006;51:335–349
- . Portal dose image prediction for dosimetric treatment verification in radiotherapy. II. An algorithm for wedged beams. Med Phys. 2002;29:925–931
- . In vivo dosimetry for prostate cancer patients using an electronic portal imaging device (EPID); demonstration of internal organ motion. Radiother Oncol. 1998;49:125–132
- . SIFT: a method to verify the IMRT fluence delivered during patient treatment using an electronic portal imaging device. Int J Rad Oncol Biol Phys. 2004;60:981–993
- . Verification of patient position and delivery of IMRT by electronic portal imaging. Radiother Oncol. 2004;73:339–347
- . Full forward Monte Carlo calculation of portal dose from MLC collimated treatment beams. Phys Med Biol. 2002;47:377–390
- . Direct measurement and analytical modeling of scatter in portal imaging. Med Phys. 2000;27:462–471
- . Analytical scatter kernels for portal imaging at 6
MV. Med Phys. 2001;28:553–559 - . An iterative algorithm for reconstructing incident beam distributions from transmission measurements using electronic portal imaging. Phys Med Biol. 2001;46:N203–211
- . Scattered radiation in portal images: a Monte Carlo simulation and a simple physical model. Med Phys. 1996;23:63–73
- . Extraction of primary signal from EPIDs using only forward convolution. Med Phys. 1997;24:1477–1484
- . The practical implementation of a scatter model for portal imaging at 10
MV. Phys Med Biol. 1998;43:2685–2693 - . Calculation of portal dose using the convolution/superposition method. Med Phys. 1996;23:527–535
- . The use of extended dose range film for dosimetric calibration of a scanning liquid-filled ionization chamber electronic portal imaging device. J Appl Clin Med Phys. 2007;8:69–84
- . Comparison of two-dimensional transmitted dose maps: evaluation of existing algorithms. Australas Phys Eng Sci Med. 2006;29:179–187
- . Delivery verification in sequential and helical tomotherapy. Phys Med Biol. 1999;44:1815–1841
- . The use of an electronic portal imaging device for exit dosimetry and quality control measurements. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1995;31:593–603
- . Measurement possibilities using an electronic portal imaging device. Radiother Oncol. 1993;29:237–243
- . Two-dimensional exit dosimetry using a liquid-filled electronic portal imaging device and a convolution model. Radiother Oncol. 1997;44:149–157
- . New method to obtain the midplane dose using portal in vivo dosimetry. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1998;41:465–474
- . First clinical tests using a liquid-filled electronic portal imaging device and a convolution model for the verification of the midplane dose. Radiother Oncol. 1998;47:303–312
- Clinical experience with EPID dosimetry for prostate IMRT pre-treatment dose verification. Med Phys. 2006;33:3921–3930
- . Replacing pretreatment verification with in vivo EPID dosimetry for prostate IMRT. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007;67:1568–1577
- . Patient-specific dosimetry of conventional and intensity modulated radiation therapy using a novel full Monte Carlo phase space reconstruction method from electronic portal images. Phys Med Biol. 2007;52:2277–2299
- . IMRT verification by three-dimensional dose reconstruction from portal beam measurements. Med Phys. 2002;29:1847–1858
- . Dose-guided radiation therapy with megavoltage cone-beam CT. Br J Radiol. 2006;79 Spec No. 1:S87–98
- . Three-dimensional dose reconstruction of breast cancer treatment using portal imaging. Med Phys. 2003;30:2376–2389
- 3D in vivo dose verification of entire hypo-fractionated IMRT treatments using an EPID and cone-beam CT. Radiother Oncol. 2008;86:35–42
- . A feasible method for clinical delivery verification and dose reconstruction in tomotherapy. Med Phys. 2001;28:528–542
- . On the accuracy and effectiveness of dose reconstruction for tomotherapy. Phys Med Biol. 2001;46:943–966
- . A technique for the quantitative evaluation of dose distributions. Med Phys. 1998;25:656–661
- . Evaluation of the gamma dose distribution comparison method. Med Phys. 2003;30:2455–2464
- . A revision of the gamma-evaluation concept for the comparison of dose distributions. Phys Med Biol. 2003;48:3543–3553
- . On dose distribution comparison. Phys Med Biol. 2006;51:759–776
- . Detection of IMRT delivery errors using a quantitative 2D dosimetric verification system. Med Phys. 2005;32:153–162
- . Quantitative analysis of patient-specific dosimetric IMRT verification. Phys Med Biol. 2005;50:103–119
- . An inter-centre quality assurance network for IMRT verification: results of the ESTRO QUASIMODO project. Radiother Oncol. 2005;76:340–353
- . Interpretation and evaluation of the gamma index and the gamma index angle for the verification of IMRT hybrid plans. Phys Med Biol. 2005;50:399–411
- . Gamma histograms for radiotherapy plan evaluation. Radiother Oncol. 2006;79:224–230
- . Dosimetric pre-treatment verification of IMRT using an EPID; clinical experience. Radiother Oncol. 2006;81:168–175
- A fast algorithm for gamma evaluation in 3D. Med Phys. 2007;34:1647–1654
- . Dosimetric verification of intensity modulated beams produced with dynamic multileaf collimation using an electronic portal imaging device. Med Phys. 1999;26:2373–2378
- The delivery of intensity modulated radiotherapy to the breast using multiple static fields. Radiother Oncol. 2000;57:79–89
- Randomised trial of standard 2D radiotherapy (RT) versus intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) in patients prescribed breast radiotherapy. Radiother Oncol. 2007;82:254–264
PII: S0167-8140(08)00372-1
doi: 10.1016/j.radonc.2008.07.008
© 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
« Previous
Next »
Radiotherapy & Oncology
Volume 88, Issue 3
, Pages 289-309
, September 2008
