Radiotherapy & Oncology
Volume 88, Issue 3 , Pages 342-350 , September 2008

Dosimetric analysis of the patterns of local failure observed in patients with locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy and concurrent conformal (3D-CRT) chemoradiation

Received 30 May 2007 ,Revised 8 May 2008 ,Accepted 17 May 2008.

References 

  1. Schrump DS, Altorki NK, Henschke CL, Carter D, Turrisi A, Gutierrez ME. Non-small cell lung cancer. In:  De Vita VT,  Hellman S,  Rosenberg SA editor. Principles and practice of oncology. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott; 2005;p. 753–810
  2. Blanke C, Ansari R, Mantravadi R, Gonin R, Tokars R, Fisher W, et al. Phase III trial of thoracic irradiation with or without cisplatin for locally advanced unresectable non-small-cell lung cancer: a Hoosier Oncology Group protocol. J Clin Oncol. 1995;13:1425–1429
  3. Choy H, Akerley W, Safran H, Graziano S, Chung C, Williams T, et al. Multiinstitutional phase II trial of paclitaxel, carboplatin, and concurrent radiation therapy for locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1998;16:3316–3322
  4. Furuse K, Fukuoka M, Kawahara M, Nishikawa H, Takada Y, Kudoh S, et al. Phase III study of concurrent versus sequential thoracic radiotherapy in combination with mitomycin, vindesine, and cisplatin in unresectable stage III non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17:2692–2699
  5. Schaake-Koning C, van den Bogaert W, Dalesio O, Festen J, Hoogenhout J, van Houtte P, et al. Effects of concomitant cisplatin and radiotherapy on inoperable non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 1992;326:524–530
  6. Vokes EE, Herndon JE, Crawford J, Leopold KA, Perry MC, Miller AA, et al. Randomized phase II study of cisplatin with gemcitabine or paclitaxel or vinorelbine as induction chemotherapy followed by concomitant chemoradiotherapy for stage IIIB non-small-cell lung cancer: cancer and leukemia group B study 9431. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20:4191–4198
  7. Leibel SA, Ling CC, Kutcher GJ, Mohan R, Cordon-Cordo C, Fuks Z. The biological basis for conformal three-dimensional radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1991;21:805–811
  8. Byhardt RW, Scott C, Sause WT, Emami B, Komaki R, Fisher B, et al. Response, toxicity, failure patterns, and survival in five Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) trials of sequential and/or concurrent chemotherapy and radiotherapy for locally advanced non-small-cell carcinoma of the lung. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1998;42:469–478
  9. Gould PM, Bonner JA, Sawyer TE, Deschamps C, Lange CM, Li H. Patterns of failure and overall survival in patients with completely resected T3 N0 M0 non-small cell lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1999;45:91–95
  10. Perez CA, Pajak TF, Rubin P, Simpson JR, Mohiuddin M, Brady LW, et al. Long-term observations of the patterns of failure in patients with unresectable non-oat cell carcinoma of the lung treated with definitive radiotherapy. Report by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group. Cancer. 1987;59:1874–1881
  11. Moreno Jimenez M, Aristu J, Arbea L, Garrán C, Cambeiro M, López-Picazo JM, et al. Radiation pneumonitis following combined modality therapy in the treatment of locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (LAD-NSCLC) including three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT): analysis of clinical and dosimetric prognostic factors. Eur J Cancer Suppl. 2005;3:330;[abstr. 1142]
  12. Moreno Jimenez M, Aristu J, Ramos LI, Arbea L, López-Picazo JM, Cambeiro M, et al. Predictive factors for radiation-induced pulmonary toxicity after three-dimensional conformal chemoradiation in locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Clin Transl Oncol. 2007;9:596–602
  13. Mountain CF. Revisions in the international system for staging lung cancer. Chest. 1997;111:1710–1717
  14. International commission on radiation and measurements. Prescribing, recording, and reporting photon beam therapy, ICRU 50. Bethesda, USA; 1993.
  15. International commission on radiation and measurements. Prescribing, recording, and reporting photon beam therapy, ICRU 62. Bethesda, USA; 1999.
  16. Kaplan EL, Meier P. Non parametric estimation from incomplete observations. J Am Stat Assoc. 1958;53:457–481
  17. Cox DR Oakes D. Analysis of survival data. London: Chapman and Hall; 1984;
  18. Byhardt R, Scott C, Sause W, Emami B, Komaki R, Fisher B, et al. Response, toxicity, failure patterns and survival in five radiation therapy oncology group (RTOG) trials of sequential and/or concurrent chemotherapy (CT) and radiation therapy (RT) for locally advanced non-small cell carcinoma of the lung (NSCLC). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1997;39:195
  19. Choy H, DeVore RF, Hande KR, Porter LL, Rosenblatt P, Yunus F, et al. A phase II study of paclitaxel, carboplatin, and hyperfractionated radiation therapy for locally advanced inoperable non-small-cell lung cancer (a Vanderbilt Cancer Center Affiliate Network Study). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000;47:931–937
  20. Jeremic B, Shibamoto Y, Acimovic L, Milisavljevic S. Hyperfractionated radiation therapy with or without concurrent low-dose daily carboplatin/etoposide for stage III non-small-cell lung cancer: a randomized study. J Clin Oncol. 1996;14:1065–1070
  21. Jeremic B, Shibamoto Y, Acimovic L, Milicic B, Milisavljevic S, Nikolic N, et al. Hyperfractionated radiation therapy and concurrent low-dose, daily carboplatin/etoposide with or without weekend carboplatin/etoposide chemotherapy in stage III non-small-cell lung cancer: a randomized trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001;50:19–25
  22. Komaki R, Scott C, Ettinger D, Lee JS, Fossella FV, Curran W, et al. Randomized study of chemotherapy/radiation therapy combinations for favorable patients with locally advanced inoperable nonsmall cell lung cancer: Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) 92-04. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1997;38:149–155
  23. Lee JS, Scott C, Komaki R, Fossella FV, Dundas GS, McDonald S, et al. Concurrent chemoradiation therapy with oral etoposide and cisplatin for locally advanced inoperable non-small-cell lung cancer: radiation therapy oncology group protocol 91-06. J Clin Oncol. 1996;14:1055–1064
  24. Lee JS, Komaki R, Fossella FV, Glisson BS, Hong WK, Cox JD. A pilot trial of hyperfractionated thoracic radiation therapy with concurrent cisplatin and oral etoposide for locally advanced inoperable non-small-cell lung cancer: a 5-year follow-up report. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1998;42:479–486
  25. Lee SW, Choi EK, Lee JS, Lee SD, Suh C, Kim SW, et al. Phase II study of three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy and concurrent mitomycin-C, vinblastine, and cisplatin chemotherapy for Stage III locally advanced, unresectable, non-small-cell lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003;56:996–1004
  26. Dillman RO, Seagren SL, Propert KJ, Guerra J, Eaton WL, Perry MC, et al. A randomized trial of induction chemotherapy plus high-dose radiation versus radiation alone in stage III non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 1990;323:940–945
  27. Dillman RO, Herndon J, Seagren SL, Eaton WLJ, Green MR. Improved survival in stage III non-small-cell lung cancer: seven-year follow-up of cancer and leukemia group B (CALGB) 8433 trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1996;88:1210–1215
  28. Le Chevalier T, Arriagada R, Quoix E, Ruffie P, Martin M, Tarayre M, et al. Radiotherapy alone versus combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy in nonresectable non-small-cell lung cancer: first analysis of a randomized trial in 353 patients. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1991;83:417–423
  29. Mattson K, Holsti LR, Holsti P, Jakobsson M, Kajanti M, Liippo K, et al. Inoperable non-small cell lung cancer: radiation with or without chemotherapy. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol. 1988;24:477–482
  30. Morton RF, Jett JR, McGinnis WL, Earle JD, Therneau TM, Krook JE, et al. Thoracic radiation therapy alone compared with combined chemoradiotherapy for locally unresectable non-small cell lung cancer. A randomized, phase III trial. Ann Intern Med. 1991;115:681–686
  31. Sause W, Kolesar P, Taylor S, Johnson D, Livingston R, Komaki R, et al. Five-year results; phase III trial of regionally advanced unresectable non-small cell lung cancer, RTOG 8808, ECOG 4588, SWOG 8992. In: Proceedings of American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO), Abstract 1743; 1998.
  32. Sause W, Kolesar P, Taylor S, Johnson D, Livingston R, Komaki R, et al. Final results of phase III trial in regionally advanced unresectable non-small cell lung cancer: Radiation Therapy Oncology Group, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, and Southwest Oncology Group. Chest. 2000;117:358–364
  33. Sause WT, Scott C, Taylor S, Johnson D, Livingston R, Komaki R, et al. Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) 88-08 and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) 4588: preliminary results of a phase III trial in regionally advanced, unresectable non-small-cell lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1995;87:198–205
  34. Bahri S, Flickinger JC, Kalend AM, Deutsch M, Belani CP, Sciurba FC, et al. Results of multifield conformal radiation therapy of nonsmall-cell lung carcinoma using multileaf collimation beams. Radiat Oncol Investig. 1999;7:297–308
  35. Bhatnagar A, Flickinger JC, Bahri S, Deutsch M, Belani C, Luketich JD, et al. Update on results of multifield conformal radiation therapy of non-small-cell lung cancer using multileaf collimated beams. Clin Lung Cancer. 2002;3:259–264
  36. Bradley JD, Ieumwananonthachai N, Purdy JA, Wasserman TH, Lockett MA, Graham MV, et al. Gross tumor volume, critical prognostic factor in patients treated with three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy for non-small-cell lung carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002;52:49–57
  37. Chen LM, Ignacio L, Jacobs R, Kozloff M, Telfer M, Elahi R, et al. Results of a phase II concurrent chemoradiotherapy study using three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy with cisplatin and oral etoposide in stage III nonsmall-cell lung cancer. Radiat Oncol Investig. 1999;7:49–53
  38. Hayman JA, Martel MK, Ten Haken RK, Normolle DP, Todd RF, Littles JF, et al. Dose escalation in non-small-cell lung cancer using three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy: update of a phase i trial. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19:127–136
  39. Hernando ML, Marks LB, Bentel GC, Zhou SM, Hollis D, Das SK, et al. Radiation-induced pulmonary toxicity: a dose-volume histogram analysis in 201 patients with lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001;51:650–659
  40. Morris DE, Rosenman JG, Halle J, Hensing TA, Limentani S, Fraser R, et al. Induction chemotherapy followed by dose-escalated thoracic 3-dimensional conformal radiation therapy to 90Gy with concurrent chemotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003;57:S138
  41. Pottgen C, Eberhardt W, Bildat S, Stuben G, Stamatis G, Hillejan L, et al. Induction chemotherapy followed by concurrent chemotherapy and definitive high-dose radiotherapy for patients with locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (stages IIIa/IIIb): a pilot phase I/II trial. Ann Oncol. 2002;13:403–411
  42. Rosenman JG, Halle JS, Socinski MA, Deschesne K, Moore DT, Johnson H, et al. High-dose conformal radiotherapy for treatment of stage IIIA/IIIB non-small-cell lung cancer: technical issues and results of a phase I/II trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002;54:348–356
  43. Rosenzweig KE, Sim SE, Mychalczak B, Schindelheim R, Fuks Z, Leibel S. Elective nodal irradiaiton in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer with three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1999;45:245
  44. Senan S, Burgers S, Samson MJ, van Klaveren RJ, Oei SS, van Sornsen DK, et al. Can elective nodal irradiation be omitted in stage III non-small-cell lung cancer? Analysis of recurrences in a phase II study of induction chemotherapy and involved-field radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002;54:999–1006
  45. Sibley GS, Mundt AJ, Shapiro C, Jacobs R, Chen G, Weichselbaum R, et al. The treatment of stage III nonsmall cell lung cancer using high dose conformal radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1995;33:1001–1007
  46. Sim S, Rosenzweig KE, Schindelheim R, Ng KK, Leibel SA. Induction chemotherapy plus three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy in the definitive treatment of locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001;51:660–665
  47. Socinski MA, Clark JA, Halle J, Steagall A, Kaluzny B, Rosenman JG. Induction therapy with carboplatin/paclitaxel followed by concurrent carboplatin/paclitaxel and dose-escalating conformal radiotherapy in the treatment of locally advanced, unresectable non-small cell lung cancer: preliminary report of a phase I trial. Semin Oncol. 1997;24:S12
  48. Sunyach MP, Falchero L, Pommier P, Perol M, Arpin D, Vincent M, et al. Prospective evaluation of early lung toxicity following three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy in non-small-cell lung cancer: preliminary results. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000;48:459–463
  49. Tsujino K, Hirota S, Endo M, Obayashi K, Kotani Y, Satouchi M, et al. Predictive value of dose-volume histogram parameters for predicting radiation pneumonitis after concurrent chemoradiation for lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003;55:110–115
  50. Willner J, Schmidt M, Kirschner J, Lang S, Borgmeier A, Huber RM, et al. Sequential chemo- and radiochemotherapy with weekly paclitaxel (Taxol) and 3D-conformal radiotherapy of stage III inoperable non-small cell lung cancer. Results of a dose escalation study. Lung Cancer. 2001;32:163–171
  51. Willner J, Huber MH, Poellinger B, Gosse H, Friedrich A, Mose S, et al., CTRT 99/97 A randomized trial of simultaneous paclitaxel and radiotherapy vs radiotherapy alone following induction chemotherapy in stage III inoperable NSCLC. In: Proceedings of the 45nd annual ASTRO meeting, vol. 57(2); 2003. p. S140.
  52. Wu KL, Jiang GL, Liao Y, Qian H, Wang LJ, Fu XL, et al. Three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy for non-small-cell lung cancer: a phase I/II dose escalation clinical trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003;57:1336–1344
  53. Fletcher GH. Clinical dose response curves of human malignant epithelial tumours. Br J Radiol. 1973;46:151
  54. Bradley JD, Deasy JO, Purdy JA, Wasserman T, Graham MV, Ieumwananonthachai N, et al. Gross tumor volume is a independent predictor of survival in non-small cell lung carcinoma patients treated with conformal radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003;48:129–130
  55. Chen M, Jiang GL, Fu XL, Wang LJ, Qian H, Zhao S, et al. Prognostic factors for local control in non-small-cell lung cancer treated with definitive radiation therapy. Am J Clin Oncol. 2002;25:76–80
  56. Coy P, Kennelly GM. The role of curative radiotherapy in the treatment of lung cancer. Cancer. 1980;45:698–702
  57. Etiz D, Marks LB, Zhou SM, Bentel GC, Clough R, Hernando ML, et al. Influence of tumor volume on survival in patients irradiated for non-small-cell lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002;53:835–846
  58. Kupelian PA, Komaki R, Allen P. Prognostic factors in the treatment of node-negative nonsmall cell lung carcinoma with radiotherapy alone. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1996;36:607–613
  59. Martel MK, Strawderman M, Hazuka MB, Turrisi AT, Fraass BA, Lichter AS. Volume and dose parameters for survival of non-small cell lung cancer patients. Radiother Oncol. 1997;44:23–29
  60. Morita K, Fuwa N, Suzuki Y, Nishio M, Sakai K, Tamaki Y, et al. Radical radiotherapy for medically inoperable non-small cell lung cancer in clinical stage I: a retrospective analysis of 149 patients. Radiother Oncol. 1997;42:31–36
  61. Noordijk EM, vd Poest CE, Hermans J, Wever AM, Leer JW. Radiotherapy as an alternative to surgery in elderly patients with resectable lung cancer. Radiother Oncol. 1988;13:83–89
  62. Perez CA, Stanley K, Grundy G, Hanson W, Rubin P, Kramer S, et al. Impact of irradiation technique and tumor extent in tumor control and survival of patients with unresectable non-oat cell carcinoma of the lung: report by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group. Cancer. 1982;50:1091–1099
  63. Wigren T, Oksanen H, Kellokumpu-Lehtinen P. A practical prognostic index for inoperable non-small-cell lung cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 1997;123:259–266
  64. van Baardwijk A, Baumert BG, Bosmans G, van Kroonenburgh M, Stroobants S, Gregoire V, et al. The current status of FDG-PET in tumour volume definition in radiotherapy treatment planning. Cancer Treat Rev. 2006;32:245–260
  65. Lavrenkov K, Partridge M, Cook G, Brada M. Positron emission tomography for target volume definition in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. Radiother Oncol. 2005;77:1–4
  66. George R, Chung TD, Vedam SS, Ramakrishnan V, Mohan R, Weiss E, et al. Audio–visual biofeedback for respiratory-gated radiotherapy: impact of audio instruction and audio–visual biofeedback on respiratory-gated radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;65:924–933
  67. Keall P, Vedam S, George R, Bartee C, Siebers J, Lerma F, et al. The clinical implementation of respiratory-gated intensity-modulated radiotherapy. Med Dosim. 2006;31:152–162
  68. Willner J, Baier K, Caragiani E, Tschammler A, Flentje M. Dose, volume, and tumor control prediction in primary radiotherapy of non-small-cell lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002;52:382–389
  69. Chien CR, Chen SW, Hsieh CY, Liang JA, Yang SN, Huang CY, et al. Intra-thoracic failure pattern and survival status following 3D conformal radiotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer: a preliminary report. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2001;31:55–60

 Presented at the 13th Meeting of the European Cancer Conference (ECCO), October 30–November 3, 2005, París, France.

PII: S0167-8140(08)00274-0

doi: 10.1016/j.radonc.2008.05.019

Radiotherapy & Oncology
Volume 88, Issue 3 , Pages 342-350 , September 2008