Radiotherapy & Oncology
Volume 86, Issue 1 , Pages 4-13 , January 2008

A (short) history of image-guided radiotherapy

Received 1 October 2007 ,Revised 18 November 2007 ,Accepted 20 November 2007.

References 

  1. Bernier J, Hall EJ, Giaccia A. Radiation oncology: a century of achievements. Nat Rev Cancer. 2004;4:737–747
  2. Dawson LA, Jaffray DA. Advances in image-guided radiation therapy. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:938–946
  3. Ling CC, Yorke E, Fuks Z. From IMRT to IGRT: frontierland or neverland?. Radiother Oncol. 2006;78:119–122
  4. Balter JM, Kessler ML. Imaging and alignment for image-guided radiation therapy. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:931–937
  5. Verellen D, De Ridder M, Linthout N, et al. Innovations in image-guided radiotherapy. Nat Rev Cancer. 2007;7:949–960
  6. Xing L, Thorndyke B, Schreibmann E, et al. Overview of image-guided radiation therapy. Med Dosim. 2006;31:91–112
  7. Rabinowitz I, Broomberg J, Goitein M, et al. Accuracy of radiation field alignment in clinical practice. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1985;11:1857–1867
  8. Haus AG, Pinsky SM, Marks JE. A technique for imaging patient treatment area during a therapeutic radiation exposure. Radiology. 1970;97:653–656
  9. Marks JE, Haus AG. The effect of immobilisation on localisation error in the radiotherapy of head and neck cancer. Clin Radiol. 1976;27:175–177
  10. Kinzie JJ, Hanks GE, MacLean CJ, et al. Patterns of care study: Hodgkin’s disease relapse rates and adequacy of portals. Cancer. 1983;52:2223–2226
  11. Peeters ST, Heemsbergen WD, Koper PC, et al. Dose–response in radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer: results of the Dutch multicenter randomized phase III trial comparing 68Gy of radiotherapy with 78Gy. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:1990–1996
  12. Pollack A, Hanlon AL, Horwitz EM, et al. Dosimetry and preliminary acute toxicity in the first 100 men treated for prostate cancer on a randomized hypofractionation dose escalation trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;64:518–526
  13. Pow EH, Kwong DL, McMillan AS, et al. Xerostomia and quality of life after intensity-modulated radiotherapy vs. conventional radiotherapy for early-stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Initial report on a randomized controlled clinical trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;66:981–991
  14. De Ridder M, Tournel K, Van Nieuwenhove Y, et al. Phase II study of preoperative helical tomotherapy for rectal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, in press.
  15. Wu C, Jeraj R, Olivera GH, et al. Re-optimization in adaptive radiotherapy. Phys Med Biol. 2002;47:3181–3195
  16. Fletcher GH. Hypofractionation: lessons from complications. Radiother Oncol. 1991;20:10–15
  17. Harrison D, Crennan E, Cruickshank D, et al. Hypofractionation reduces the therapeutic ratio in early glottic carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1988;15:365–372
  18. Kim JJ, Tannock IF. Repopulation of cancer cells during therapy: an important cause of treatment failure. Nat Rev Cancer. 2005;5:516–525
  19. Herfarth KK, Debus J, Lohr F, et al. Stereotactic single-dose radiation therapy of liver tumors: results of a phase I/II trial. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19:164–170
  20. Nagata Y, Takayama K, Matsuo Y, et al. Clinical outcomes of a phase I/II study of 48Gy of stereotactic body radiotherapy in 4 fractions for primary lung cancer using a stereotactic body frame. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;63:1427–1431
  21. Gambhir SS. Molecular imaging of cancer with positron emission tomography. Nat Rev Cancer. 2002;2:683–693
  22. Payne GS, Leach MO. Applications of magnetic resonance spectroscopy in radiotherapy treatment planning. Br J Radiol. 2006;79 Spec No 1:S16–S26
  23. Thorwarth D, Eschmann SM, Paulsen F, et al. Hypoxia dose painting by numbers: a planning study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007;68:291–300
  24. Ling CC, Humm J, Larson S, et al. Towards multidimensional radiotherapy (MD-CRT): biological imaging and biological conformality. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000;47:551–560
  25. Bentzen SM. Theragnostic imaging for radiation oncology: dose-painting by numbers. Lancet Oncol. 2005;6:112–117
  26. Tome WA, Fowler JF. Selective boosting of tumor subvolumes. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000;48:593–599
  27. Deasy JO. Partial tumor boosts: even more attractive than theory predicts?. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001;51:279–280
  28. Perez C, Brady LW. Principles and practice of radiation oncology. 1992; 2nd edition, p.3.
  29. Chu JC, Stafford PM, Diamond JJ, et al. Patterns of change in the physics and technical support of radiation therapy in the USA 1975–1986. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1989;17:437–442
  30. Holloway AF. A localising device for a rotating cobalt therapy unit. Br J Radiol. 1958;31:227
  31. Johns HE, Cunningham JR. A precision cobalt 60 unit for fixed field and rotation therapy. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med. 1959;81:4–12
  32. Weissbluth M, Karzmark CJ, Steele RE. The Stanford medical linear accelerator. Radiology. 1959;72:242–253
  33. Byhardt RW, Cox JD, Hornburg A, et al. Weekly localization films and detection of field placement errors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1978;4:881–887
  34. Verhey LJ, Goitein M, McNulty P, et al. Precise positioning of patients for radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1982;8:289–294
  35. Biggs PJ, Goitein M, Russell MD. A diagnostic X ray field verification device for a 10MV linear accelerator. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1985;11:635–643
  36. Leong J. Use of digital fluoroscopy as an on-line verification device in radiation therapy. Phys Med Biol. 1986;31:985–992
  37. Meertens H, Van Herk M, Weeda J. A liquid ionisation detector for digital radiography of therapeutic megavoltage photon beams. Phys Med Biol. 1985;30:313–321
  38. Van Herk M, Meertens H. A matrix ionisation chamber imaging device for on-line patient setup verification during radiotherapy. Radiother Oncol. 1988;11:369–378
  39. Herman MG, Balter JM, Jaffray DA, et al. Clinical use of electronic portal imaging: report of AAPM Radiation Therapy Committee Task Group 58. Med Phys. 2001;28:712–737
  40. De Neve W, Van den HF, De Beukeleer M, et al. Routine clinical on-line portal imaging followed by immediate field adjustment using a tele-controlled patient couch. Radiother Oncol. 1992;24:45–54
  41. Ezz A, Munro P, Porter AT, et al. Daily monitoring and correction of radiation field placement using a video-based portal imaging system: a pilot study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1992;22:159–165
  42. Bel A, Keus R, Vijlbrief RE, et al. Setup deviations in wedged pair irradiation of parotid gland and tonsillar tumors, measured with an electronic portal imaging device. Radiother Oncol. 1995;37:153–159
  43. Van Herk M, Remeijer P, Lebesque JV. Inclusion of geometric uncertainties in treatment plan evaluation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002;52:1407–1422
  44. Van den Heuvel F, Fugazzi J, Seppi E, et al. Clinical application of a repositioning scheme, using gold markers and electronic portal imaging. Radiother Oncol. 2006;79:94–100
  45. Redpath AT, Muren LP. CT-guided intensity-modulated radiotherapy for bladder cancer: isocentre shifts, margins and their impact on target dose. Radiother Oncol. 2006;81:276–283
  46. Van den Heuvel F, De Neve W, Verellen D, et al. Clinical implementation of an objective computer-aided protocol for intervention in intra-treatment correction using electronic portal imaging. Radiother Oncol. 1995;35:232–239
  47. Balter JM, Pelizzari CA, Chen GT. Correlation of projection radiographs in radiation therapy using open curve segments and points. Med Phys. 1992;19:329–334
  48. Jones SM, Boyer AL. Investigation of an FFT-based correlation technique for verification of radiation treatment setup. Med Phys. 1991;18:1116–1125
  49. Moseley J, Munro P. A semiautomatic method for registration of portal images. Med Phys. 1994;21:551–558
  50. Gilhuijs KG, van de Ven PJ, Van Herk M. Automatic three-dimensional inspection of patient setup in radiation therapy using portal images, simulator images, and computed tomography data. Med Phys. 1996;23:389–399
  51. Gilhuijs KG, Touw A, Van Herk M, et al. Optimization of automatic portal image analysis. Med Phys. 1995;22:1089–1099
  52. Fritsch DS, Chaney EL, Boxwala A, et al. Core-based portal image registration for automatic radiotherapy treatment verification. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1995;33:1287–1300
  53. Bijhold J, Van Herk M, Vijlbrief R, et al. Fast evaluation of patient set-up during radiotherapy by aligning features in portal and simulator images. Phys Med Biol. 1991;36:1665–1679
  54. Murphy MJ. An automatic six-degree-of-freedom image registration algorithm for image-guided frameless stereotaxic radiosurgery. Med Phys. 1997;24:857–866
  55. Bel A, Petrascu O, Van de Vondel I, et al. A computerized remote table control for fast on-line patient repositioning: implementation and clinical feasibility. Med Phys. 2000;27:354–358
  56. Jaffray DA, Siewerdsen JH, Wong JW, et al. Flat-panel cone-beam computed tomography for image-guided radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002;53:1337–1349
  57. Verellen D, Soete G, Linthout N, et al. Quality assurance of a system for improved target localization and patient set-up that combines real-time infrared tracking and stereoscopic X-ray imaging. Radiother Oncol. 2003;67:129–141
  58. Verellen D. Image Guided Patient Set-up. In:  Bortfeld T,  Schmidt-Ulrich R,  De Neve W editor. Image-guided IMRT. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 2005;p. 97–116
  59. Verellen D, Soete G, Linthout N, et al. Optimal control of set-up margins and internal margins for intra- and extracranial radiotherapy using stereoscopic kilovoltage imaging. Cancer Radiother. 2006;10:235–244
  60. Soete G, Verellen D, Tournel K, et al. Setup accuracy of stereoscopic X-ray positioning with automated correction for rotational errors in patients treated with conformal arc radiotherapy for prostate cancer. Radiother Oncol. 2006;80:371–373
  61. Linthout N, Verellen D, Tournel K, et al. Assessment of secondary patient motion induced by automated couch movement during on-line 6 dimensional repositioning in prostate cancer treatment. Radiother Oncol. 2007;83:168–174
  62. Guckenberger M, Meyer J, Wilbert J, et al. Precision required for dose-escalated treatment of spinal metastases and implications for image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT). Radiother Oncol. 2007;84:56–63
  63. Shirato H, Shimizu S, Kitamura K, et al. Four-dimensional treatment planning and fluoroscopic real-time tumor tracking radiotherapy for moving tumor. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000;48:435–442
  64. Shirato H, Shimizu S, Kunieda T, et al. Physical aspects of a real-time tumor-tracking system for gated radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000;48:1187–1195
  65. Murphy MJ, Martin D, Whyte R, et al. The effectiveness of breath-holding to stabilize lung and pancreas tumors during radiosurgery. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002;53:475–482
  66. Verellen D, Tournel K, Linthout N, et al. Importing measured field fluences into the treatment planning system to validate a breathing synchronized DMLC-IMRT irradiation technique. Radiother Oncol. 2006;78:332–338
  67. Verellen D, Tournel K, Van de SJ, et al. Breathing synchronized irradiation using stereoscopic kV-imaging to limit influence of interplay between leaf motion and organ motion in 3D-CRT and IMRT: Dosimetric verification and first clinical experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;66:108–119
  68. Lu W, Parikh PJ, Hubenschmidt JP, et al. A comparison between amplitude sorting and phase-angle sorting using external respiratory measurement for 4D CT. Med Phys. 2006;33:2964–2974
  69. Ford EC, Mageras GS, Yorke E, et al. Respiration-correlated spiral CT: a method of measuring respiratory-induced anatomic motion for radiation treatment planning. Med Phys. 2003;30:88–97
  70. Hansen VN, Evans PM, Swindell W. The application of transit dosimetry to precision radiotherapy. Med Phys. 1996;23:713–721
  71. Pasma KL, Heijmen BJ, Kroonwijk M, et al. Portal dose image (PDI) prediction for dosimetric treatment verification in radiotherapy. I. An algorithm for open beams. Med Phys. 1998;25:830–840
  72. Mackie TR, Kapatoes J, Ruchala K, et al. Image guidance for precise conformal radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003;56:89–105
  73. Lof J, Lind BK, Brahme A. An adaptive control algorithm for optimization of intensity modulated radiotherapy considering uncertainties in beam profiles, patient set-up and internal organ motion. Phys Med Biol. 1998;43:1605–1628
  74. Brahme A. Biologically optimized 3-dimensional in vivo predictive assay-based radiation therapy using positron emission tomography-computerized tomography imaging. Acta Oncol. 2003;42:123–136
  75. McDermott LN, Wendling M, Sonke JJ, et al. Anatomy changes in radiotherapy detected using portal imaging. Radiother Oncol. 2006;79:211–217
  76. Song PY, Washington M, Vaida F, et al. A comparison of four patient immobilization devices in the treatment of prostate cancer patients with three dimensional conformal radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1996;34:213–219
  77. Wulf J, Hadinger U, Oppitz U, et al. Stereotactic radiotherapy of extracranial targets: CT-simulation and accuracy of treatment in the stereotactic body frame. Radiother Oncol. 2000;57:225–236
  78. Hodge W, Tome WA, Jaradat HA, et al. Feasibility report of image guided stereotactic body radiotherapy (IG-SBRT) with tomotherapy for early stage medically inoperable lung cancer using extreme hypofractionation. Acta Oncol. 2006;45:890–896
  79. Antonuk LE. Electronic portal imaging devices: a review and historical perspective of contemporary technologies and research. Phys Med Biol. 2002;47:R31–R65
  80. van Zijtveld M, Dirkx ML, de Boer HC, et al. Dosimetric pre-treatment verification of IMRT using an EPID; clinical experience. Radiother Oncol. 2006;81:168–175
  81. Vetterli D, Thalmann S, Behrensmeier F, et al. Daily organ tracking in intensity-modulated radiotherapy of prostate cancer using an electronic portal imaging device with a dose saving acquisition mode. Radiother Oncol. 2006;79:101–108
  82. Takai Y, Mitsuya M, Nemoto K. Development of a new linear accelerator mounted with dual X-ray fluorosocpy using amorphous silicon flat panel X-ray sensors to detect a gold seed in a tumor at real treatment position. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001;51:381
  83. Shiu AS, Hogstrom KR, Janjan NA, et al. Technique for verifying treatment fields using portal images with diagnostic quality. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1987;13:1589–1594
  84. Munro P, Bouius DC. X-ray quantum limited portal imaging using amorphous silicon flat-panel arrays. Med Phys. 1998;25:689–702
  85. Murphy MJ, Adler JR, Bodduluri M, et al. Image-guided radiosurgery for the spine and pancreas. Comput Aided Surg. 2000;5:278–288
  86. Gibbs IC, Kamnerdsupaphon P, Ryu MR, et al. Image-guided robotic radiosurgery for spinal metastases. Radiother Oncol. 2007;82:185–190
  87. Keall PJ, Mageras GS, Balter JM, et al. The management of respiratory motion in radiation oncology report of AAPM Task Group 76. Med Phys. 2006;33:3874–3900
  88. Langen KM, Jones DT. Organ motion and its management. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001;50:265–278
  89. Aoki Y, Akanuma A, Karasawa K, et al. An integrated radiotherapy treatment system and its clinical application. Radiat Med. 1987;5:131–141
  90. Court L, Rosen I, Mohan R, et al. Evaluation of mechanical precision and alignment uncertainties for an integrated CT/LINAC system. Med Phys. 2003;30:1198–1210
  91. Kuriyama K, Onishi H, Sano N, et al. A new irradiation unit constructed of self-moving gantry-CT and linac. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003;55:428–435
  92. Uematsu M, Shioda A, Suda A, et al. Intrafractional tumor position stability during computed tomography (CT)-guided frameless stereotactic radiation therapy for lung or liver cancers with a fusion of CT and linear accelerator (FOCAL) unit. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000;48:443–448
  93. Pouliot J, Bani-Hashemi A, Chen J, et al. Low-dose megavoltage cone-beam CT for radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;61:552–560
  94. Mackie TR, Holmes T, Swerdloff S, et al. Tomotherapy: a new concept for the delivery of dynamic conformal radiotherapy. Med Phys. 1993;20:1709–1719
  95. Fenwick JD, Tome WA, Jaradat HA, et al. Quality assurance of a helical tomotherapy machine. Phys Med Biol. 2004;49:2933–2953
  96. Carol M. Peacock: a system for planning and rotational delivery of intensity-modulated fields. Int J Imag Syst Technol. 1995;6:56–61
  97. Verellen D, Linthout N, Van den Berge D, et al. Initial experience with intensity-modulated conformal radiation therapy for treatment of the head and neck region. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1997;39:99–114
  98. Verellen D, Linthout N, Storme G. Target localization and treatment verification for intensity modulated conformal radiation therapy of the head and neck region. The AZ-VUB experience. Akademisch Ziekenhuis-Vrije Universiteit Brussel. Strahlenther Onkol. 1998;174 Suppl 2:19–27
  99. Kamino Y, Takayama K, Kokubo M, et al. Development of a four-dimensional image-guided radiotherapy system with a gimbaled X-ray head. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;66:271–278
  100. Holupka EJ, Kaplan ID, Burdette EC, et al. Ultrasound image fusion for external beam radiotherapy for prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1996;35:975–984
  101. Lattanzi J, McNeeley S, Pinover W, et al. A comparison of daily CT localization to a daily ultrasound-based system in prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1999;43:719–725
  102. Langen KM, Pouliot J, Anezinos C, et al. Evaluation of ultrasound-based prostate localization for image-guided radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003;57:635–644
  103. Van den Heuvel F, Powell T, Seppi E, et al. Independent verification of ultrasound based image-guided radiation treatment, using electronic portal imaging and implanted gold markers. Med Phys. 2003;30:2878–2887
  104. Seiler PG, Blattmann H, Kirsch S, et al. A novel tracking technique for the continuous precise measurement of tumour positions in conformal radiotherapy. Phys Med Biol. 2000;45:N103–N110
  105. Litzenberg DW, Willoughby TR, Balter JM, et al. Positional stability of electromagnetic transponders used for prostate localization and continuous, real-time tracking. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007;68:1199–1206
  106. Raaijmakers AJ, Raaymakers BW, van der MS, et al. Integrating a MRI scanner with a 6MV radiotherapy accelerator: impact of the surface orientation on the entrance and exit dose due to the transverse magnetic field. Phys Med Biol. 2007;52:929–939
  107. Enghardt W, Parodi K, Crespo P, et al. Dose quantification from in-beam positron emission tomography. Radiother Oncol. 2004;73 Suppl 2:S96–S98
  108. Janek S, Svensson R, Jonsson C, et al. Development of dose delivery verification by PET imaging of photonuclear reactions following high energy photon therapy. Phys Med Biol. 2006;51:5769–5783
  109. Murphy M, Balter J, Balter S, et al. The management of imaging dose during image-guided radiotherapy: report of the AAPM Task Group 75. Med Phys. 2007;34:4041–4063
  110. Verellen D, Vanhavere F. Risk assessment of radiation-induced malignancies based on whole-body equivalent dose estimates for IMRT treatment in the head and neck region. Radiother Oncol. 1999;53:199–203
  111. Hall EJ, Wuu CS. Radiation-induced second cancers: the impact of 3D-CRT and IMRT. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003;56:83–88
  112. Hall EJ. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy, protons, and the risk of second cancers. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;65:1–7
  113. Followill D, Geis P, Boyer A. Estimates of whole-body dose equivalent produced by beam intensity modulated conformal therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1997;38:667–672
  114. Suit HD. Statement of the problem of pertaining to the effect of dose fractionation and total treatment time on response of tissue to X-irradiation. In: Proc. Conf. Time Dose Relationships Radiat. Biol. Applied Radiotherapy. New York: Brookhaven National Laboratory; 1970;

PII: S0167-8140(07)00624-X

doi: 10.1016/j.radonc.2007.11.023

Radiotherapy & Oncology
Volume 86, Issue 1 , Pages 4-13 , January 2008

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution